貝氏隆頭魚

貝氏隆頭魚
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	條鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	隆頭魚目 Labriformes
科：	隆頭魚科 Labridae
屬：	隆頭魚屬 Labrus
種：	貝氏隆頭魚 L. bergylta
二名法
	Labrus bergylta; Ascanius, 1767
異名
	Labrus berggylta; Ascanius, 1767; Labrus comber; Bonnaterre, 1788; Labrus ballan; Bonnaterre, 1788; Labrus maculatus; Bloch, 1792; Labrus neustriae; Lacepède, 1801; Labrus balanus; Fleming, 1828; Labrus variabilis; Thompson, 1837; Crenilabrus multidentatus; Thompson, 1837;

貝氏隆頭魚（學名：Labrus bergylta）為隆頭魚目隆頭魚科的物種，分布於挪威至摩洛哥的東北大西洋水域，棲息於水深1—50公尺的淺海，體長可達65.9公分。其幼魚為綠色，成魚則可能為磚紅色或墨綠色，牙齒大而粗壯。該魚是順序性雌雄同體，即所有個體出生時均為雌性，隨年齡增長可能變為雄性。貝氏隆頭魚為肉食性魚類，主要捕食軟體動物、甲殼類等動物，還會取食其他魚類體表的寄生蟲，因此有養殖場會飼養該魚作為清潔魚。貝氏隆頭魚可食用。該魚目前族群良好，IUCN將其評為「無危」。

外貌描述

貝氏隆頭魚身體修長，頭部較大，嘴小，唇厚而有褶皺。該魚有一排大而粗壯的牙齒，且會隨年齡增長而逐漸由尖變鈍。其背鰭較長，前半部分有18—21根棘刺，後半部分則有9—13根鰭條。該魚臀鰭短小，僅有3根棘刺。其體側線上有41—47枚較大的鱗片^[2]。幼魚的體色取決於具體棲息地，一般為深淺不一的綠色^[2]，有時會呈亮翡翠色^[3] 。成魚體表有大量白點，體色可能為磚紅色或墨綠色^[2]。貝氏隆頭魚最長可長到65.9公分長^[4]，但一般不超過50公分^[5]。貝氏隆頭魚是東北大西洋水域最大的隆頭魚^[6]。

物種分布

貝氏隆頭魚分布於包括英倫三島在內的東北大西洋淺水區，北至挪威、南至摩洛哥和馬卡羅尼西亞，其最北的繁殖地為挪威南部。該魚的魚苗可藉助北大西洋漂流擴散至分布範圍內的其他水域，從而促進各族群之間的基因流動^[7]。

生態與習性

棲息地

貝氏隆頭魚最常見於水深10—20公尺，多岩石、岩礁和海藻的海域，而魚苗則多棲息於潮間帶^[1]。

食性

同其他隆頭魚一樣，貝氏隆頭魚為肉食性魚種^[7]。成魚的獵物包括甲殼類、軟體動物、海膽和小魚^[8]，幼魚則多以橈腳類為食^[9]。此外，在人工環境下與大西洋鮭混養的貝氏隆頭魚會取食前者的體外寄生蟲^[10]。由於大量與消化系統有關的基因缺失，貝氏隆頭魚無胃，食物改在腸道前端（英語：Foregut）消化^[11]^[12]。

生命周期

各水域貝氏隆頭魚的繁殖季差異較大。一般而言，分布於溫暖水域的貝氏隆頭魚會更早產卵^[13]。例如挪威西部海域水溫較低，貝氏隆頭魚多在5月繁殖^[14]，而西班牙加利西亞水域緯度較低，海水更為溫暖。此地的貝氏隆頭魚則集中在3月繁殖，比生活於寒冷水域的同類要早兩個月^[13]。同其他隆頭魚物種一樣，貝氏隆頭魚是雌性先熟的順序性雌雄同體：一片領域中僅有最年長的個體為雄性，而其餘個體均是這條雄魚的雌性配偶^[7]。雌魚會在卵產於雄魚用海草搭建的巢中。此後雄魚會看守魚卵直至孵化，這一過程一般會持續1—2周^[1]。該魚魚苗為隨波逐流的浮游動物，孵化時發育頗不完全，消化道、臀鰭和鰾等器官會在孵化後數日才會長出。魚苗一般在孵化後7日才會開口進食，此前則依靠卵黃獲取養分。貝氏隆頭魚在3歲左右性成熟^[15]。雖然有研究稱該魚4歲時即可由雌變雄^[1]，但對野生族群的採樣發現所有雄魚的年齡均在11歲以上^[15]。貝氏隆頭魚壽命可達30歲^[8]。

共生關係

貝氏隆頭魚會幫助其他魚類清除魚虱等體外寄生蟲，但有時會齧咬接受清潔的魚以取食其表皮^[16]。該魚亦會由岩梳隆頭魚、小口棘隆頭魚等更小的隆頭魚幫助清理寄生蟲：貝氏隆頭魚會主動追逐對方並在礁石上摩擦其瘙癢的部位，隨後懸停於水中。而進行清潔的魚類則會快速繞貝氏隆頭魚游動一圈並啄食其所見的體外寄生蟲^[17]。

經濟利用

作為食用魚

貝氏隆頭魚可食用^[1]，在蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭尤其受青睞^[18]，漁民一般通過流刺網捕撈^[8]。該魚肉質相當粗糙，可用煎、炸、蒸、燉等多種方式烹調^[18]。該魚雖可用來製作馬賽魚湯，但有美食家認為其風味遠不如赤鮋和馬德拉鮋^[19]。

作為游釣魚

貝氏隆頭魚是頗受歡迎的游釣魚^[20]。釣客多用3公尺左右的磯竿以及3—5公分長的青銅魚鉤進行垂釣，魚餌則多選用螃蟹、小魚^[21]。

作為清潔魚

挪威的鮭魚養殖場常同時飼養隆頭魚以清理寄生蟲^[15]。其中貝氏隆頭魚不但體格較大不會被鮭魚吞食，而且能忍受更低的水溫，故當地的水產養殖業者將其視為最佳選擇。目前雖有對貝氏隆頭魚的人工繁育但產量有限，因此大部分養殖場仍選擇捕捉野生個體作為清潔魚^[22] 。一旦鮭魚成熟並被捕撈上岸，養殖業者一般會將貝氏隆頭魚就地放生。這些個體會與本地的貝氏隆頭魚交配，從而改變本地族群的基因池^[23]。此外，養殖場中的貝氏隆頭魚的魚鰭常存在開裂、糜爛等病變，因此有學者批評其動物福利存在問題^[24]。

族群保育

目前貝氏隆頭魚族群良好，無滅絕之虞，故IUCN將其評為無危^[1]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Pollard, D. Labrus bergylta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010, 2010: e.T187398A8525211 [2021-11-20]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T187398A8525211.en .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Wheeler，A. The Pocket Guide to Salt Water Fishes of Britain and Europe. Parkgate Books. 1997: 117 [1992]. ISBN 978-1855853645.
^ O. E. D. Ager. H. Tyler-Walters; K. Hiscock , 編. Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Marine Life Information Network. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 2008 [2020-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-06）.
^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2013). Labrus bergylta. FishBase. Version 2013-07.
^ Ballan Wrasse. The Wildlife Trust. [2024-04-02]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-02）.
^ Bañon, R; Villegas-Ríos, D; Serrano, A; Mucientes, G; Arronte, J.C. Marine fishes from Galicia (NW Spain): an updated checklist. Zootaxa. 2010, 2667: 1–27.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Almada, F; Francisco, S.M; Lima, C.S; FitzGerald, R; Mirimin, L; Villegas-Ríos, D; Saborido-Rey, F; Afonso, P; Morato, T; Bexiga, S; Robalo, J.I. Historical gene flow constraints in a northeastern Atlantic fish: phylogeography of the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta across its distribution range. The Royal Society Open Science. 2017, 4: 1–14.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Ballan Wrasse. Cornwall Good Seafood Guide. Cornwall Wildlife Trust. [2024-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-03）.
^ Sørøy, M.O. Dietary effects of different live prey on growth and functional development in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae and juveniles (Master論文). Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 2012.
^ Hamre, K; Nordgreen, A; Grøtan, E; Breck, O. A holistic approach to development of diets for Ballan wrasse (Labrus berggylta) – a new species in aquaculture. PeerJ.
^ Lie, K.K; Tørresen, O.K; Solbakken, M.H; Rønnestad, I; Tooming-Klunderud, A; Nederbragt, A.J; Jentoft, S; Sæle, Ø. Loss of stomach, loss of appetite? Sequencing of the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) genome and intestinal transcriptomic profiling illuminate the evolution of loss of stomach function in fish. BMC genomics. 2018, 19 (1): 186.
^ Le, H.T.M.D; Shao, X; Krogdahl, Å; Kortner, T.M; Lein, I; Kousoulaki, K; Lie, K.K; Sæle, Ø. Intestinal Function of the Stomachless Fish, Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019, 6.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Villegas-Ríos, D; Alonso-Fernández, A; Domínguez-Petit, R; Saborido-Rey, F. Intraspecific variability in reproductive patterns in the temperate hermaphrodite Labrus bergylta. Marine and Freshwater Research. 2013, 64 (12): 1156–1168.
^ Muncaster, S; Andersson, E; Kjesbu, O.S; Taranger, G.L. The reproductive cycle of female Ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in high latitude, temperate waters. Journal of Fish Biology. 2010, 77 (3): 494–511.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Yusof, M; Faizzi, M. Reproductive biology and growth of Ballan Wrasse Labrus Bergylta in west of Ireland waters (Ph.D論文). 2015.
^ Kaland, H; Aas, G.H; Amundsen, T; Gansel, L.G; Tuene, S.A. Cleaning behavior of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) studied using sea lice dummies in large scale sea cages. Aquaculture. 2023, 567.
^ Breen, M. Field Observation of the Cleaning of Ballan Wrasse and Torment Feeding. Sayer, M.D.J; Treasurer, J.W; Costello, M.J (編). Wrasse: Biology and Use in Aquaculture. Fishing New Books. 1996: 55–60.
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 Sweetear, W. The Connoisseur's Guide to Fish & Seafood. Sterling Pub. 2009: 66.
^ Joyant, M; de Toulouse-Lautrec, H. The Art of Cuisine. Henry Holt. 1995: 65–66.
^ Wrasse. British Sea Fishing. 2013-11-23 [2020-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）.
^ Curtis, S. The tackle you need for shore ballan wrasse. SeaAngler. 2022-07-16 [2024-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-07）.
^ Gonzalez, E.B; de Boer, F. The development of the Norwegian wrasse fishery and the use of wrasses as cleaner fish in the salmon aquaculture industry. Fisheries Science. 2017, 83: 661–670.
^ Seljestad， G.W; Quintela, M; Faust, E; Halvorsen, K.T. “A cleaner break”: Genetic divergence between geographic groups and sympatric phenotypes revealed in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Ecology and Evolution. 2020, 10 (12): 6120–6135.
^ Treasurer, J; Feledi, T. The Physical Condition and Welfare of Five Species of Wild-caught Wrasse Stocked under Aquaculture Conditions and when Stocked in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Production Cages. World Aquaculture Society. 2014, 45 (2): 213–219.

擴展閱讀

維基物種上的相關資訊：貝氏隆頭魚

[iucn-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Pollard, D. Labrus bergylta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010, 2010: e.T187398A8525211 [2021-11-20]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T187398A8525211.en .

[wheeler-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Wheeler，A. The Pocket Guide to Salt Water Fishes of Britain and Europe. Parkgate Books. 1997: 117 [1992]. ISBN 978-1855853645.

[marlin-3] O. E. D. Ager. H. Tyler-Walters; K. Hiscock , 編. Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Marine Life Information Network. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 2008 [2020-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-06）.

[4] Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2013). Labrus bergylta. FishBase. Version 2013-07.

[5] Ballan Wrasse. The Wildlife Trust. [2024-04-02]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-02）.

[6] Bañon, R; Villegas-Ríos, D; Serrano, A; Mucientes, G; Arronte, J.C. Marine fishes from Galicia (NW Spain): an updated checklist. Zootaxa. 2010, 2667: 1–27.

[almada-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Almada, F; Francisco, S.M; Lima, C.S; FitzGerald, R; Mirimin, L; Villegas-Ríos, D; Saborido-Rey, F; Afonso, P; Morato, T; Bexiga, S; Robalo, J.I. Historical gene flow constraints in a northeastern Atlantic fish: phylogeography of the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta across its distribution range. The Royal Society Open Science. 2017, 4: 1–14.

[cornwall-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Ballan Wrasse. Cornwall Good Seafood Guide. Cornwall Wildlife Trust. [2024-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-03）.

[9] Sørøy, M.O. Dietary effects of different live prey on growth and functional development in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae and juveniles (Master論文). Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 2012.

[10] Hamre, K; Nordgreen, A; Grøtan, E; Breck, O. A holistic approach to development of diets for Ballan wrasse (Labrus berggylta) – a new species in aquaculture. PeerJ.

[11] Lie, K.K; Tørresen, O.K; Solbakken, M.H; Rønnestad, I; Tooming-Klunderud, A; Nederbragt, A.J; Jentoft, S; Sæle, Ø. Loss of stomach, loss of appetite? Sequencing of the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) genome and intestinal transcriptomic profiling illuminate the evolution of loss of stomach function in fish. BMC genomics. 2018, 19 (1): 186.

[12] Le, H.T.M.D; Shao, X; Krogdahl, Å; Kortner, T.M; Lein, I; Kousoulaki, K; Lie, K.K; Sæle, Ø. Intestinal Function of the Stomachless Fish, Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019, 6.

[vr-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Villegas-Ríos, D; Alonso-Fernández, A; Domínguez-Petit, R; Saborido-Rey, F. Intraspecific variability in reproductive patterns in the temperate hermaphrodite Labrus bergylta. Marine and Freshwater Research. 2013, 64 (12): 1156–1168.

[14] Muncaster, S; Andersson, E; Kjesbu, O.S; Taranger, G.L. The reproductive cycle of female Ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in high latitude, temperate waters. Journal of Fish Biology. 2010, 77 (3): 494–511.

[yusof-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Yusof, M; Faizzi, M. Reproductive biology and growth of Ballan Wrasse Labrus Bergylta in west of Ireland waters (Ph.D論文). 2015.

[16] Kaland, H; Aas, G.H; Amundsen, T; Gansel, L.G; Tuene, S.A. Cleaning behavior of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) studied using sea lice dummies in large scale sea cages. Aquaculture. 2023, 567.

[17] Breen, M. Field Observation of the Cleaning of Ballan Wrasse and Torment Feeding. Sayer, M.D.J; Treasurer, J.W; Costello, M.J (編). Wrasse: Biology and Use in Aquaculture. Fishing New Books. 1996: 55–60.

[sweetear-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Sweetear, W. The Connoisseur's Guide to Fish & Seafood. Sterling Pub. 2009: 66.

[19] Joyant, M; de Toulouse-Lautrec, H. The Art of Cuisine. Henry Holt. 1995: 65–66.

[20] Wrasse. British Sea Fishing. 2013-11-23 [2020-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）.

[21] Curtis, S. The tackle you need for shore ballan wrasse. SeaAngler. 2022-07-16 [2024-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-07）.

[22] Gonzalez, E.B; de Boer, F. The development of the Norwegian wrasse fishery and the use of wrasses as cleaner fish in the salmon aquaculture industry. Fisheries Science. 2017, 83: 661–670.

[23] Seljestad， G.W; Quintela, M; Faust, E; Halvorsen, K.T. “A cleaner break”: Genetic divergence between geographic groups and sympatric phenotypes revealed in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Ecology and Evolution. 2020, 10 (12): 6120–6135.

[24] Treasurer, J; Feledi, T. The Physical Condition and Welfare of Five Species of Wild-caught Wrasse Stocked under Aquaculture Conditions and when Stocked in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Production Cages. World Aquaculture Society. 2014, 45 (2): 213–219.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]