跳转到内容

世俗國家

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科，自由的百科全书
（重定向自世俗化國家）
  世俗國家或地區
  有國教的國家
  不明确或不詳

世俗國家（英語：Secular state）是指一些對於宗教事務持中立的國家，與之相對的是宗教國家。沒有對任何一種個別的宗教習俗持贊成或反對的態度，也是沒有類似國教的宗教。一個世俗國家也視信奉不同宗教的人為平等的個體，不會偏袒或歧視信奉個別宗教的人，保障宗教自由及言論自由。

定義

[编辑]

世俗國家理論上保障宗教自由，並實行政教分離，也指一些防止宗教組織干預和控制政府權力的國家，更有法令保護任何一種宗教，包括少數宗教免受歧視。

在某些世俗國家中，有在比例上相當多的人信奉同一種宗教（如土耳其）；而某些則有很大的宗教多元性（如印度）。有些國家在建國時已自我定位為世俗國家、但仍相當多的人信奉一種宗教（如菲律賓），也有些是經過世俗化才成為世俗國家（如法國），還有不少在法律上實行政教分離、但保持國教（如馬來西亞）。在近代歷史上，世俗化的進程是給予人民宗教自由為開始、再後而廢止國教、停止使用公帑資助宗教團體、使法律脫離宗教的控制、開放教育系統（而不強制任何宗教）、接受公民自由改宗信仰、以及是容許信奉不同宗教的人擔任政治領袖的。此外，原有的宗教假日不受到影響，而公共機構運作也不會受到宗教團體的影響和控制。

在世界上，多數的政權已經成為世俗國家、包括不少的君主國與共和國。可是仍有不少自稱世俗的政權仍然是不完全世俗化，不設國教的國家仍對部分宗教組織給予保障。以天主教為國教的國家為例，法國、西班牙、葡萄牙等國家機構曾經長時間以天主教節日為公眾假期，會停止工作、上課，而天主教會學校的教師甚至是教堂的教理問答，仍往往是由公家支薪的。一些伊斯蘭教徒為主的國家如土耳其雖然是世俗國家，但在教育上仍具有伊斯蘭成分。

又例如越南共和國（南越），名義上是世俗國家，且人口多數是佛教徒，但因領導人吳廷琰篤信天主教，屢屢殺害比丘，導致釋廣德等多位法師自焚抗議，民眾大規模的反政府運動不斷，吳廷琰政權的殘忍，也失去同樣篤信天主教的美國總統肯尼迪支持，華府向駐越大使小亨利·卡波特·洛奇發了243號電報（Cable 243），決定不再支持吳廷琰，這推動了楊文明的1963年南越政變，也導致了吳廷琰之死。其中也包括緬甸联邦共和国，一個以佛教徒為主的國家，大力殘害與種族滅絕信奉回教的羅興亞人。

世俗國家列表

[编辑]

這是截至2011年，世俗國家的不完全列表：

世俗性可能发生于一定程度（難以定义），但至少世俗国家普遍而言没有国教。具有宗教信仰的国家在此幅地图上显示为彩色；而其他没有國教的國家或地區則以灰色表示。
  基督教（包括新教和天主教）
  
  伊斯兰教
  
  佛教

宪法明载的世俗国家

[编辑]

其他的世俗国家

[编辑]

前世俗國家列表

[编辑]

各大洲自我描述的世俗国家列表

[编辑]

非洲

[编辑]

亚洲

[编辑]

欧洲

[编辑]


1 横贯大陆国家。
2 未被普遍承认的国家。

美洲

[编辑]

南美洲

[编辑]

具体介绍

[编辑]

大洋洲

[编辑]

具体介绍

[编辑]

跨大陆国家

[编辑]

对世俗国家有模糊定义的国家

[编辑]
  •  孟加拉国
    • 孟加拉人民共和国是世俗国家还是伊斯兰国家，在宪法上存在模糊性。[131] 2010年，孟加拉国最高法院裁定时任孟加拉国总统齐亚·拉赫曼1977年的宪法修正案非法，恢复了世俗主义作为孟加拉国宪法的一部分。政治领导人和专家表示，他们不确定孟加拉国是世俗国家还是伊斯兰国家。[132]
  •  马来西亚
    • 马来西亚宪法第3条订明伊斯兰教为国教：“伊斯兰教为联邦之宗教；但其他宗教可在联邦任何地方和平和谐地信奉。”[133] 1956年，联盟党向负责起草马来亚宪法的里德委员会提交了一份备忘录，备忘录中引述：“马来亚之宗教为伊斯兰教。遵守此项原则并不会对信奉和实践本教的非穆斯林国民造成任何限制，亦不意味着该州不是世俗国家。”[134]备忘录全文插入委员会报告第169段。这一建议后来在 1957 年马来亚联邦宪法提案（白皮书）中得到推进，并在第 57 段中具体引用：“拟议的联邦宪法已宣布伊斯兰教是联邦的宗教。这绝不会影响联邦作为世俗国家的现状...。”[135]科博尔德委员会在1962 年也做出过类似的表述：“...我们同意伊斯兰教应该成为联邦的国教。我们确信，这项提案绝不会危及联邦的宗教自由，因为联邦的宗教自由实际上将是世俗的。” [136] 1987年12月，最高法院院长沙烈·阿巴斯在一项裁决中将马来西亚描述为由“世俗法律”统治的马来西亚。[137]



注釋

[编辑]
  1. ^ 尽管美国某些州保留的法律名义上会阻止无神论者任职（例如阿肯色州，马里兰州，密西西比州，田纳西州，南卡罗来纳州和德克萨斯州），但由于这些法律在美国最高法院被宣布违宪，因此这些法律不可执行 案件“ 托卡索诉沃特金斯案”，理由是他们违反了合众国宪法。
  2. ^ 美国参议院的确接受了任命的美国参议院牧师的祈祷。许多牧师以违反政教分离国家为由，进行了许多尝试来取消这一立场。美国效忠誓言包含“在上帝之下的一个国家”。 美国的官方座右铭是“ 我们信靠上帝”。
  3. ^ Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.[108] However, the states retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.[109]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ ICL - Angola Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-30）. 
  2. ^ Article 2 of Constitution. [2007-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）. 
  3. ^ Botswana. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007 [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）. 
  4. ^ Leaders say Botswana is a secular state. [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2005-02-10）. 
  5. ^ Article 31 of Constitution. [2013-09-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-09）. 
  6. ^ Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2007-03-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2006-10-07）. 
  7. ^ Preamble of Constitution (PDF). [2007-03-05]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-15）. 
  8. ^ Constitution of Cape Verde 1992.. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-14）. 
  9. ^ Article 1 of Constitution. [2013-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-09）. 
  10. ^ Côte d'Ivoire's Constitution of 2000 (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-02）. 
  11. ^ Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-08）. 
  12. ^ ICL - Congo-Brazzaville - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-25）. 
  13. ^ ICL - Ethiopia - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-08）. 
  14. ^ Article 2 of Constitution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）Ghana
  15. ^ Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2013-08-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2004-09-13）. 
  16. ^ Article 1 of Constitution. [2013-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-05）. 
  17. ^ The Constitution of Kenya (PDF). [9 March 2018]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-12-21）. 
  18. ^ ICL - Liberia - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-17）. 
  19. ^ Madagascar's Constitution of 2010 (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-02）. 
  20. ^ Preamble of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-09-12）. 
  21. ^ ICL - Namibia - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-15）. 
  22. ^ John L. Esposito. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press US, (2004) ISBN 0-19-512559-2 pp.233-234
  23. ^ Nigerian Constitution. Nigeria Law. [17 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-27）. 
  24. ^ Senegal. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007 [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）. 
  25. ^ The right to differ religiously.(News). [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-11）. 
  26. ^ PART ONE: SOUTH SUDAN AND THE CONSTITUTION 8. RELIGION (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-02）. 
  27. ^ Article 7.1 of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-10-26）. 
  28. ^ CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-31）. 
  29. ^ Eastimorlawjournal.org. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-03）. 
  30. ^ THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-28）. 
  31. ^ ICL - Japan - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-30）. 
  32. ^ Archived copy. [24 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）. 
  33. ^ Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 2009 [25 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-19）. Article 68. Citizens shall have freedom of religion. This right shall be guaranteed by permitting the construction of religious buildings and the holding of religious ceremonies. Religion shall not be used in bringing in outside forces or in harming the state and social order. 
  34. ^ ICL - South Korea - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-04）. 
  35. ^ Article 1 of Constitution. [2007-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-04）. 
  36. ^ Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution. [2007-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-02）. 
  37. ^ See Declaration of Religious Harmony, which explicitly states the secular nature of society
  38. ^ INTRODUCTION TO THE WEB VERSION OF THE CONSTITUTION. [18 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-02）. 
  39. ^ ICL - Taiwan - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-25）. 
  40. ^ Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003 (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-01-02）. 
  41. ^ Constitution of Turkmenistan. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-14）. 
  42. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-03）. 
  43. ^ ICL - Vietnam - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-12）. 
  44. ^ ICL - Albania - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
  45. ^ ICL - Austria Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-23）. 
  46. ^ Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. 19 September 2013. ISBN 9789004255869 –通过Google Books. 
  47. ^ In Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the days of rest. ICL - Belgium - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-26）. 
  48. ^ ICL - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-03）. 
  49. ^ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-10）. 
  50. ^ Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-30）. 
  51. ^ ICL - Estonia - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-16）. 
  52. ^ ICL - France Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-26）. 
  53. ^ ICL - The Fundamental Law of Hungary -- Part I. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-26）. 
  54. ^ Article 44.2.1º of the Constitution of Ireland - The State guarantees not to endow any religion.
  55. ^ Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Judgment of the Constitutional Court 203/1989
  56. ^ Naamat, Talia; Porat, Dina; Osin, Nina. Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 19 July 2012. ISBN 978-9004226128 –通过Google Books. 
  57. ^ ICL - Latvia - Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-10）. 
  58. ^ Article 11 of the Constitution. [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-16）. 
  59. ^ Article 1 of Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-09-03）. 
  60. ^ Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-21）. 
  61. ^ Article 16 of Constitution (PDF). [18 March 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-05-15）. 
  62. ^ The Swedish head of state must according to the Swedish Act of Succession adhere to the Augsburg Confession
  63. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Antigua and Barbuda. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  64. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Argentina. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  65. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bahamas. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  66. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Barbados. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  67. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Belize. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  68. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bolivia. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  69. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  70. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Canada. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  71. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chile. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  72. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Colombia. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  73. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cuba. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  74. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominica. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  75. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominican Republic. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  76. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ecuador. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  77. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: El Salvador. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  78. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Grenada. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  79. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guatemala. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  80. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guyana. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  81. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Haiti. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  82. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Honduras. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  83. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Jamaica. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  84. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mexico. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  85. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nicaragua. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  86. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Paraguay. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  87. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Panama. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  88. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Peru. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  89. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Kitts and Nevis. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  90. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Lucia. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  91. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  92. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Suriname. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  93. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Trinidad and Tobago. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  94. ^ Religion and the US Constitution: The First Amendment. Cornell Law School. [9 May 2022]. 
  95. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uruguay. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  96. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Venezuela. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023]. 
  97. ^ Article 19 of the Brazilian Constitution. [2010-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-27）. 
  98. ^ Since 1925 by the Chilean Constitution of 1925 (article 10), and 1980 Chilean Constitution Article 19, Section 6º. [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-07）. 
  99. ^ Religion and the Secular State in Colombia (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-11-04）. 
  100. ^ Articles 1, 11, 26, and 66.8 of the Ecuadorian Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-08-13）. 
  101. ^ Article 50° of the Peruvian Constitution. [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-24）. 
  102. ^ Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, Chapter III, Article 5.. [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-17）. 
  103. ^ Article 8 of the Cuban Constitution. [2007-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-21）. 
  104. ^ Honduras: Constitución de 1982. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-01）. 
  105. ^ Honduras - THE CONSTITUTION. [20 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-21）. 
  106. ^ Honduras's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2013 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, constituteproject.org.
  107. ^ 美国和现今的利比亚之间的的黎波里条约第11条中有一条规定：“在任何意义上，美利坚合众国政府都不以基督教为基础。”
  108. ^ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015]. 
  109. ^ Puls, Joshua. The Wall of Separation: Section 116, the First Amendment and Constitutional Religious Guarantees (PDF). Federal Law Review. 1998: 160. 
  110. ^ Article 4 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji explicitly provides that Fiji is a secular state. It guarantees religious liberty, while stating, "religious belief is personal", and, "religion and the State are separate." Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 February 2016., 2013
  111. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  112. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  113. ^ Section 2 of Article IV of the Micronesian constitution provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes." Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia. 
  114. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  115. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  116. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  117. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  118. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  119. ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022]. 
  120. ^ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-30）. 
  121. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Fiji （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 2013
  122. ^ Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia. [2007-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-10）. 
  123. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  124. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  125. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  126. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Georgia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  127. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  128. ^ Northern Cyprus Constitution (PDF). [29 January 2022]. 
  129. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Russia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  130. ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Turkey. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023]. 
  131. ^ Bangladesh's court restores 'secularism' in Constitution. 29 July 2010 [7 October 2023]. （原始内容存档于16 October 2023）. 
  132. ^ Bangladesh's Ambiguity on Religion Has Been Expensive for the Country. 7 October 2023 [7 October 2023]. （原始内容存档于9 March 2023）. 
  133. ^ Tan Sri Datuk Ahmad Ibrahim, Our Constitution and Islamic Faith, p. 8, 25 August 1987, New Straits Times
  134. ^ Islam's status in our secular charter, Richard Y.W. Yeoh, Director, Institute of Research for Social Advancement, 20 July 2006, The Sun, Letters (Used by permission)
  135. ^ Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer 1957–Articles 53-61 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期3 March 2016.
  136. ^ The birth of Malaysia: A reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold report) and the Report of the Inter-governmental Committee, (1962–I.G.C. report), p. 58
  137. ^ Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad, Historical legal perspective, 17 March 2009, The Star (Malaysia)

參見

[编辑]

外部連結

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh1.bitforum.be.eu.org/w/index.php?title=世俗國家&oldid=85361006”