满江红属

满江红属; 化石时期：麦斯里希特期-全新世
	Azolla caroliniana
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
纲：	真蕨綱 Polypodiopsida
目：	槐葉蘋目 Salviniales
科：	槐叶苹科 Salviniaceae
属：	满江红属 Azolla; Lam., 1783
模式種
	A. filiculoides;

满江红属（学名：Azolla）是槐叶苹科（原属满江红科）的一个属，现存七种真蕨类漂浮性水生植物，看起来并不像蕨类而更像浮萍^[2]。该属的植物在一些地区是入侵植物^[3]。

属名Azolla源于希腊语azo（使干燥）和ollyo（杀）的合成词，指本属植物容易被干旱环境影响而死亡。

种

该属的种包括：^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

此外还有一部分满江红属植物仅存在化石。

生态

满江红属植物繁殖速度极快，其生物量1.9天就能翻倍^[8]，鲜重每公顷达8至10吨，印度的羽叶满江红鲜重甚至能达到每公顷37.8吨^[9]。满江红通常叶子漂浮在水上，根则垂入水中。

满江红和固氮蓝细菌Anabaena azollae存在体外共生关系：蓝细菌为满江红提供氮素，满江红为蓝细菌提供糖分。^[10]固氮细菌会从一代满江红直接（“纵向”）传到下一代。固氮细菌在共生关系中失去了不少基因，所以不能离开满江红在野外生存。通常限制满江红生长的营养素是磷。如果水体获得了大量的磷（例如通过富营养化），那么满江红经常会爆发式地生长。^[11]

满江红在东南亚和东亚是传统的生物肥料（英语：biofertiliser）。在中国，当春天稻田淹水时，农民会种上满江红，使其覆盖水面、抑制杂菜。当水退去后，满江红很快就会死去，留下的植物组织逐渐腐烂释放出大量氮肥：每公顷每年最多可以提供九吨蛋白质。^[12]

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 In: Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 343. 1783. Name - Azolla Lam.. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-19）. Annotation: a sp. nov. reference for Azolla filiculoides
Type Specimens HT: Azolla filiculoides
^ Li, Fay-Wei; Brouwer, Paul; Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo; Cheng, Shifeng; de Vries, Jan; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Eily, Ariana; Koppers, Nils; Kuo, Li-Yaung. Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses. Nature Plants. 2018-07-02, 4 (7): 460–472. ISSN 2055-0278. PMC 6786969 . PMID 29967517. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0188-8 （英语）.
^ Weber, Ewald. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. 2017: 65 [2021-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-16）.
^ Evrard, C.; Van Hove, C. Taxonomy of the American Azolla species (Azollaceae): A critical review. Systematics and Geography of Plants. 2004, 74: 301–318.
^ Name - Azolla Lam. subordinate taxa. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-08）.
^ Query Results for Genus Azolla. IPNI. [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-15）.
^ Hussner, A. NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Azolla filiculoides (PDF). Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf. 2006 [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-01-08）.
^ Iwao Watanabe, Nilda S.Berja. The growth of four species of Azolla as affected by temperature. Aquatic Botany. 1983, 15 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(83)90027-X.
^ Hasan, M. R. ; Chakrabarti, R., 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: A review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, 531. FAO, Rome, Italy. fao.org/. [18 August 2014]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-09）.
^ Ran, L.; Larsson, J.; Vigil-Stenman, T.; Nylander, J. A.; Ininbergs, K.; Zheng, W. W.; Lapidus, A.; Lowry, S.; Haselkorn, R.; Bergman, B. Genome Erosion in a Nitrogen-Fixing Vertically Transmitted Endosymbiotic Multicellular Cyanobacterium. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (7): e11486. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511486R. PMC 2900214 . PMID 20628610. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011486 .
^ The Geological Society of London - The Arctic Azolla event. www.geolsoc.org.uk.
^ FAO figures.

外部链接

The Azolla Foundation: Azolla Non-Profit Information & Guidance Website （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
NSW Flora online: Azolla （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[trop1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 In: Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 343. 1783. Name - Azolla Lam.. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-19）. Annotation: a sp. nov. reference for Azolla filiculoides
Type Specimens HT: Azolla filiculoides

[2] Li, Fay-Wei; Brouwer, Paul; Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo; Cheng, Shifeng; de Vries, Jan; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Eily, Ariana; Koppers, Nils; Kuo, Li-Yaung. Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses. Nature Plants. 2018-07-02, 4 (7): 460–472. ISSN 2055-0278. PMC 6786969 . PMID 29967517. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0188-8 （英语）.

[3] Weber, Ewald. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. 2017: 65 [2021-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-16）.

[4] Evrard, C.; Van Hove, C. Taxonomy of the American Azolla species (Azollaceae): A critical review. Systematics and Geography of Plants. 2004, 74: 301–318.

[trop2-5] Name - Azolla Lam. subordinate taxa. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-08）.

[ipni-6] Query Results for Genus Azolla. IPNI. [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-15）.

[nobanis-7] Hussner, A. NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Azolla filiculoides (PDF). Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf. 2006 [February 19, 2010]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-01-08）.

[8] Iwao Watanabe, Nilda S.Berja. The growth of four species of Azolla as affected by temperature. Aquatic Botany. 1983, 15 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(83)90027-X.

[9] Hasan, M. R. ; Chakrabarti, R., 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: A review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, 531. FAO, Rome, Italy. fao.org/. [18 August 2014]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-09）.

[10] Ran, L.; Larsson, J.; Vigil-Stenman, T.; Nylander, J. A.; Ininbergs, K.; Zheng, W. W.; Lapidus, A.; Lowry, S.; Haselkorn, R.; Bergman, B. Genome Erosion in a Nitrogen-Fixing Vertically Transmitted Endosymbiotic Multicellular Cyanobacterium. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (7): e11486. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511486R. PMC 2900214 . PMID 20628610. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011486 .

[11] The Geological Society of London - The Arctic Azolla event. www.geolsoc.org.uk.

[12] FAO figures.

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