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膜蝦目

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膜蝦目
化石时期:寒武紀
瓦普塔蝦英语Waptia
加拿大盾蟲英语Canadaspis化石
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
演化支 有颚类 Mandibulata
目: 膜蝦目 Hymenocarina
Størmer, 1944
異名

Canadaspidida Novozhilov in Orlov, 1960

膜蝦目學名Hymenocarina)為節肢動物門下一個已滅絕的演化支,生存於寒武紀。牠們的共同特徵為雙瓣的外殼英语carapace及突出外殼的尾部,但除此之外牠們具有十分多樣化的外型,並佔據了不同的生態位,包含濾食性動物以及掠食者等。近年來的研究基於部分膜蝦目物種具有大顎英语Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)的結構,認為牠們屬於有顎類基群或是冠群

分類學

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膜蝦目主要有以下共同特徵:覆蓋頭胸部區域的雙瓣甲殼、頭胸部具有多節的觸鬚大顎英语Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)、口器後方的附肢上多帶有刺、末端帶爪的内肢、觸鬚與大顎之間不具有附肢、一對複眼之間具有突出的骨片和葉片狀突起、後部體段英语Tagma (biology)(腹部)具有明顯的環狀分節,末端具有一對發展完善的尾支英语Caudal ramus[2][1]

由於牠們頭部具有較少的分節及附肢數量,於2010年代早期時認為膜蝦目屬於真節肢動物的幹群[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]。然而,在2010年代末發現了牠們具有大顎後,膜蝦目被認為應屬於有顎類[2][1][11][12]。自此之後,大部分的支序演化學分析普遍認為,膜蝦目屬於有顎足類的幹群[2][13][1][14][15][16][17][18],但也有一些研究將膜蝦目置於較接近冠群的位置,例如幹泛甲殼動物[1][19][20][18]、幹多足類[1]、幹六足亞門[16]或是位於這些演化支之間的位置[21]

膜蝦目下目前有數個已被承認的科,包括吐卓蟲科英语Tuzoiidae瓦普塔蝦科英语Waptiidae[1]以及原蝦科英语Protocarididae[2],但除此之外其他物種之間的關係則仍然十分模糊,目前尚不清楚膜蝦目是單系群亦或是並系群[22][23]

然而,生存於寒武紀的雙瓣殼節肢動物則確認屬於並系群,諸如等刺蟲目英语Isoxyida高肌蟲目英语Bradoriida磷足類英语Phosphatocopina等,被認為與膜蝦目僅為遠親關係[17][24][25][26]。另外,外形與瓦普塔蝦屬十分類似的川滇蟲屬英语Chuandianella,長期以來一直認為與瓦普塔蝦為近親[1][21],但是於2022年發表的研究表明,由於川滇蟲缺乏膜蝦目的共同特徵-大顎,因此不屬於膜蝦目,而是屬於仍然地位未定的真節肢動物[24]

多樣性

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膜蝦目具有十分多樣化的外型,有些物種如瓦普塔蝦屬英语Waptia外表與現存的類似[1],其他物種如奧代雷蟲屬則具有巨大的外殼英语carapace及分作三叉的尾部[27]。另外,膜蝦目的附肢於不同物種之間也有不同形式的特化,如瓦普塔蝦屬的附肢就呈羽鰓狀[1]都昆蟲屬則具有粗壯的螯肢[2]。此外,膜蝦目物種之間的體型差異也很大,如胸針蝦屬英语Fibulacaris的體長僅有2 cm(0.79英寸)[28],體型最大的巴哈姆特蝦屬英语Balhuticaris體長則可達24.5 cm(9.6英寸)[23]。最後,膜蝦目佔據了許多不同的生態位,包括食腐動物掠食者底棲攝食者、以及濾食性動物[23]

參考文獻

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