鼠疫耶爾森菌

鼠疫耶爾森菌
	經螢光染色的鼠疫耶爾森菌
科学分类
域：	细菌域 Bacteria
门：	假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota
纲：	γ-變形菌綱 Gammaproteobacteria
目：	肠杆菌目 Enterobacterales
科：	肠杆菌科 Enterobacteriaceae
属：	耶尔辛氏菌属 Yersinia
种：	鼠疫耶爾森菌 Y. pestis
二名法
	Yersinia pestis; (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) van Loghem 1944
模式菌株
	ATCC 19428 = CIP 80.26 = NCTC 5923

鼠疫耶爾森菌^[1]（学名：Yersinia pestis）又稱鼠疫耶氏桿菌^[2]，俗稱鼠疫桿菌（plague bacillus），是一種桿菌，屬於腸桿菌科耶爾森菌屬，同時也是腺鼠疫、肺鼠疫和敗血性鼠疫的病原體。所有的類型都在人類歷史上造成嚴重的傷亡（例如查士丁尼大瘟疫、黑死病、第三次鼠疫大流行）^[3]。

耶爾森菌屬是一種革蘭氏陰性菌（Gram negative），為雙球株桿菌，和其他腸細菌相似，它有新陳代謝作用。鼠疫耶爾森菌能產生反吞噬細胞的黏液。該生命體在隔離培養時是可動的，但在哺乳動物寄主裡時會變成不可動的。

歷史

第三次鼠疫大流行期间，鼠疫耶爾森菌于1894年由巴斯德研究所（Pasteur Institute）的法國醫生和細菌學家亞歷山大·耶爾森在香港鼠疫大流行時所發現。耶爾森是巴斯德的學生。北里柴三郎，一名日本細菌學家和科赫（Robert Koch）的學生，當時也正在從事尋找鼠疫病原體的研究。然而，耶爾森先一步確定鼠疫和鼠疫耶爾森菌的關係。這個細菌原被稱為鼠疫巴斯德氏桿菌（Pasteurella pestis），後來被重新命名為鼠疫耶爾森菌（Yersinia pestis）。^[4]^[5]

宿主

正常情況下，鼠疫耶爾森菌只會在跳蚤和齧齒類身上發現。靠著這兩種宿主，鼠疫耶爾森菌能從森林散播到都市中。然而，並不是每一種齧齒類都能攜帶鼠疫耶爾森菌，不同的物種有不同的適應性。^[6]^[7]^[8]

致病

鼠疫耶爾森菌之所以會有這麼強的致病力，是因為它能抵禦白血球的吞噬作用。^[9]

参考文献

^ https://www.termonline.cn/search?searchText=Yersinia+pestis
^ https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/164290612e06beb95491ae6599cb7b5c/
^ Green, Monica H.; Jones, Lori; Little, Lester K.; Schamiloglu, Uli; Sussman, George D. Yersinia pestis and the three plague pandemics. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2014-10-01, 14 (10): 918. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 25253399. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70878-3 （英语）.
^ Bockemühl J. 100 years after the discovery of the plague-causing agent – importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today. Immun Infekt. 1994, 22 (#2): 72–75. PMID 7959865.
^ Howard-Jones N. Was Kitasato Shibasaburō the discoverer of the plague bacillus?. Perspect Biol Med. 1973, 16 (#2): 292–307. PMID 4570035. doi:10.1353/pbm.1973.0034.
^ Zhou D, Han Y, Yang R. Molecular and physiological insights into plague transmission, virulence and etiology. Microbes Infect. 2006, 8 (#1): 273–284. PMID 16182593. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.006.
^ Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolph AE, Cherepanov P, Dixon JE, Schwan TG, Forsberg A. Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector. Science. 2002, 296 (#5,568): 733–735. Bibcode:2002Sci...296..733H. PMID 11976454. doi:10.1126/science.1069972.
^ Erickson, D. L.; N. R. Waterfield; V. Vadyvaloo; D. Long; E. R. Fischer; R. Ffrench-Constant & B. J. Hinnebusch. Acute oral toxicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to fleas: Implications for the evolution of vector-borne transmission of plague. Cellular Microbiology. 2007, 9 (#11): 2658–2666. PMID 17587333. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00986.x.
^ Lathem WW, Price PA, Miller VL, Goldman WE. A plasminogen-activating protease specifically controls the development of primary pneumonic plague. Science. 2007, 315 (#5,811): 509–513. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..509L. PMID 17255510. doi:10.1126/science.1137195.

外部連結

微生物免疫學-Yersinia pestis(鼠疫耶爾森菌) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] ttps://www.termonline.cn/search?searchText=Yersinia+pestis

[2] ttps://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/164290612e06beb95491ae6599cb7b5c/

[3] Green, Monica H.; Jones, Lori; Little, Lester K.; Schamiloglu, Uli; Sussman, George D. Yersinia pestis and the three plague pandemics. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2014-10-01, 14 (10): 918. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 25253399. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70878-3 （英语）.

[Bockemühl_1994-4] Bockemühl J. 100 years after the discovery of the plague-causing agent – importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today. Immun Infekt. 1994, 22 (#2): 72–75. PMID 7959865.

[Ho-5] Howard-Jones N. Was Kitasato Shibasaburō the discoverer of the plague bacillus?. Perspect Biol Med. 1973, 16 (#2): 292–307. PMID 4570035. doi:10.1353/pbm.1973.0034.

[pmid16182593-6] Zhou D, Han Y, Yang R. Molecular and physiological insights into plague transmission, virulence and etiology. Microbes Infect. 2006, 8 (#1): 273–284. PMID 16182593. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.006.

[pmid11976454-7] Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolph AE, Cherepanov P, Dixon JE, Schwan TG, Forsberg A. Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector. Science. 2002, 296 (#5,568): 733–735. Bibcode:2002Sci...296..733H. PMID 11976454. doi:10.1126/science.1069972.

[Erickson,_D._L_et_al._2007-8] Erickson, D. L.; N. R. Waterfield; V. Vadyvaloo; D. Long; E. R. Fischer; R. Ffrench-Constant & B. J. Hinnebusch. Acute oral toxicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to fleas: Implications for the evolution of vector-borne transmission of plague. Cellular Microbiology. 2007, 9 (#11): 2658–2666. PMID 17587333. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00986.x.

[pmid17255510-9] Lathem WW, Price PA, Miller VL, Goldman WE. A plasminogen-activating protease specifically controls the development of primary pneumonic plague. Science. 2007, 315 (#5,811): 509–513. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..509L. PMID 17255510. doi:10.1126/science.1137195.

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