美国宪法第二修正案
 | 此条目需要补充更多来源。 (2013年9月10日) |
 | 此条目可参照德语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
| 本条目属于 |
| 美利坚合众国宪法 |
|---|
 |
| 序言和正文 |
| 修正案 |
|
|
| 历史 |
| 全文 |
《美利坚合众国宪法》第二修正案（英语：Second Amendment to the United States Constitution）简称“第二修正案”（Amendment II），是美国权利法案之一，于1791年12月15日正式通过。它保障了美国持枪权，亦即公民享有正当防卫的公民权利[1][2][3][4]。
历史
[编辑]第一批乘坐“五月花号”到达北美大陆的欧洲移民正是依靠枪械等武器才得以在这片土地上落地生根，在猛兽和印第安人的包围中，武器成为每个人安身立命的工具。此后，北美十三州逐渐成形，因为没有常备的官兵，移民们只能以枪械自卫，州政府也逐渐介入到武器管理中，部分州政府甚至会对没有武器的居民进行处罚。随着独立战争的打响，民兵的影响力进一步扩大，正是这些拥有武器的民兵和英军作战8年，并成功赢得独立战争。建国后，当1789年美国宪法的“权利法案”由国会议员提出时，“持有和携带武器”的权利被自然而然的写入其中，并于1791年被批准正式生效。为了限制强势的专制政府，防止政府权力膨胀进而侵犯公民权力，赋予公民反抗的武器，也是这条法案重要内在精神，俗谓“枪权天授”。
内容
[编辑]| “ | A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. | ” |
- 译文：纪律良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全实属必要；人民持有和携带武器的权利，不得予以侵犯[5]
时任美国国务卿的托马斯·杰斐逊认可的内容如下，与原文相比，字句相同但是断句与部分文字大小写不同：[6]
| “ | A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. | ” |
本条修正案的争议在于人民（the people）是指前文的民兵（Militia），还是指所有人，也就是对只有民兵有拥枪权还是所有人都有拥枪权有疑问。据联邦宪法法院的判例，是指后者。
法院裁决
[编辑]在2008年及2010年，美国联邦最高法院分别做出了两个与本修正案有关的指标性判决。在哥伦比亚特区诉黑勒案（District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)）中，联邦最高法院判决认为，第二修正案保障个人拥有枪支的权利，不论该人是否属于民兵皆然，[7][8]并且可以基于合法的目的使用该等武器，诸如在屋内自我防卫。在麦克唐纳诉芝加哥案（McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 3025 (2010)）中，法院判决第二修正案不仅能约束联邦政府，对于州政府和地方政府同样具有拘束力[9]。
参阅
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- ^ Constitutional Law. Casenotes. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
- ^ Jilson, Cal. American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）.
- ^ Shaman, Jeffrey. After Heller: What Now for the Second Amendment. Santa Clara Law Review. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）.
- ^ US Senate Annotated Constitution. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-10）.
- ^ 美國在台協會 - 權利法案 （美國憲法修正案第一至第十條）. [2018-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
- ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. memory.loc.gov. [2014-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）.
- ^ "The court held that the second amendment recognized an individual right to possess and carry a firearm unconnected with militia service." Pollock, Earl. The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy. Greenwood. 2008: 423. ISBN 978-0-313-36525-6.
- ^ "held that the second amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms," Scaros, Constantinos E. Understanding the Constitution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2010: 484. ISBN 978-0-7637-5811-0.
- ^ Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Adams, Les. The Second Amendment Primer: A Citizen's Guidebook to the History, Sources, and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms. Birmingham, Alabama: Paladium Press. 1996.
- Adamson, Barry. Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court. Pelican Publishing. 2008. ISBN 1-58980-520-8.
- Anderson, Casey; Horwitz, Joshua. Guns, Democracy, and the Insurrectionist Idea. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2009. ISBN 0-472-03370-0.
- Barnett, Hilaire. Constitutional & Administrative Law. Routledge Cavendish. 2004. ISBN 1-85941-927-5.
- Bickford, Charlene; et al (编). Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791: Correspondence: First Session, September–November 1789 17. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7162-7.
- Bogus, Carl T. The Second Amendment in Law and History: Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms. New York: The New Press. 2001. ISBN 1-56584-699-0.
- Boynton, Lindsay Oliver J. The Elizabethan Militia 1558–1638. David & Charles. 1971. ISBN 0-7153-5244-X. OCLC 8605166.
- Carter, Gregg Lee. Guns in American Society. ABC-CLIO. 2002.
- Charles, Patrick J. The Second Amendment: The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court. McFarland. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-4270-6.
- Cooke, Edward Francis. A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2002. ISBN 0-7425-2238-5.
- Cornell, Saul. A Well-Regulated Militia – The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-514786-5.
- Cottrol, Robert. Gun Control and the Constitution: Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment. Taylor & Francis. 1994.
- Cramer, Clayton E.; Olson, Joseph. What Did "Bear Arms" Mean in the Second Amendment?. Geo. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y. 2008, 6 (2). SSRN 1086176
. - Crooker, Constance Emerson. Gun Control and Gun Rights. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-32174-0.
- Denson, John V. The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories 2. Transaction Publishers. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7.
- Doherty, Brian. Gun Control on Trial: Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. 2008. ISBN 1-933995-25-4.
- Dulaney, W. Marvin. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-253-21040-2.
- Ely, James W.; Bodenhamer, David J. The Bill of Rights in Modern America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. ISBN 0-253-21991-4.
- Foner, Eric; Garraty, John Arthur. The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1991. ISBN 0-395-51372-3.
- Frey, Raymond; Wellman, Christopher. A Companion to Applied Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2003. ISBN 1-55786-594-9.
- Halbrook, Stephen P. A Right to Bear Arms: State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1989.
- Halbrook, Stephen P. That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Studies in Political Economy). Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. 1994. ISBN 0-945999-38-0.
- Hemenway, David. Private Guns, Public Health. University of Michigan Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-472-03162-7.
- Kruschke, Earl R. Gun Control: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 1995. ISBN 0-87436-695-X.
- Levy, Leonard W. Origins of the Bill of Rights. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-300-07802-1.
- Madison, James. The Writings of James Madison: 1787–1790. Nabu Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-144-58273-7.
- Malcolm, Joyce Lee. To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-674-89307-7.
- Merkel, William G.; Uviller, H. Richard. The Militia and the Right to Arms, Or, How the Second Amendment Fell Silent. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2002 [2013-02-14]. ISBN 0-8223-3017-2. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）.
- Millis, Walter. Arms and Men. Rutgers University Press. 1981.
- Mulloy, D. American Extremism. Routledge. 2004.
- Pepper, John; Petrie, Carol; Wellford, Charles F. Firearms and Violence. A Critical Review. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 2005 [2019-11-17]. ISBN 0-309-09124-1. （原始内容存档于2014-10-15）.
- Pole, J. R.; Greene, Jack P. A Companion to the American Revolution (Blackwell Companions to American History). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 2003. ISBN 1-4051-1674-9.
- Renehan, Edward J. The Secret Six: The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1997. ISBN 1-57003-181-9.
- Schmidt, Steffen; Bardes, Barbara A.; Shelley, Mack C. American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. 2008. ISBN 0-495-57170-9.
- Shapiro, Ilya. Cato Supreme Court Review 2007–2008. Washington, D.C: Cato Institute. 2008. ISBN 1-933995-17-3.
- Smith, Rich. The Bill of Rights: Defining Our Freedoms. ABDO Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59928-913-7.
- Spitzer, Robert J. The Right to Bear Arms: Rights and Liberties under the Law. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2001. ISBN 1-57607-347-5.
- Szatmary, David P. Shays' Rebellion: the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection
. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 1980. ISBN 0-87023-295-9. - Tucker, St. George; Blackstone, William. Blackstone's Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws, of the Federal Government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia: In Five Volumes. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 1996. ISBN 978-1-886363-15-1.
- Tushnet, Mark V. Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can't End the Battle Over Guns. Oxford University Press. 2007: xv. ISBN 978-0-19-530424-4.
- Rabban, David. Free Speech in its Forgotten Years. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
- Rawle, William. A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 2. P.H. Nicklin. 1829.
- Spooner, Lysander. An Essay on the Trial by Jury. 1852 [2013-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）.
- Vile, John R. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (2 Volume Set). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
- Williams, David H. The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment: Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09562-7.
- Wills, Garry. Saul, Cornell , 编. Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect?. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2000. ISBN 0-312-24060-0.
- Wills, Garry. A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2002: 256–57. ISBN 0-684-87026-6.
- Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002.
- Young, David E. The Origin of the Second Amendment: A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787–1792 2. Golden Oak Books. 2001. ISBN 0-9623664-3-9.
外部链接
[编辑]
维基文库中的相关原始文献：United States Bill of Rights
- District of Columbia v. Heller. [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-02）.
- National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights, including the Second Amendment. October 30, 2015 [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-04）.
- 短片 Big Picture: To Keep and Bear Arms 可在互联网档案馆自由下载
- Volokh, Eugene (编). State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions. UCLA School of Law. [April 3, 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 5, 2020）..
