超加工食品
超加工食品,或超级加工食品(英语:ultra-processed food, UPF)是由天然食品或其他有机成分经工业方式制造的食品[1][2]。这些食品经常被设计得口感极佳、方便且利润丰厚,这通常是因为加入了如防腐剂、食用色素和调味料等食品添加物[3]。超加工食品通常经过模塑/挤压、氢化或油炸等制程。
2023年,对于超加工食品及其影响的研究进展日新月异[4]。
营养流行病学数据显示,过多食用这些食品可能增加罹患肥胖、二型糖尿病、心血管疾病和某些癌症的风险[5]。2024年发表在《英国医学期刊》(The BMJ)上的一项综合分析指出,有32项研究指出UPF与负面的健康结果有关,但具体的影响机制并不清楚。[6]
另外,有研究者认为,食品的超级加工也是食品工业对环境造成的伤害之一[7]。有研究显示,超级加工食物除了会影响身体健康外,还会影响脑部健康,包括心智、情绪及精神健康,有导致抑郁等风险。[8][9]另一项研究显示,进食超加工食物,是导致现今青少年不快乐的三大主要原因之一。[10]此外,有研究也发现,进食过多超加工食物,会导致认知功能和执行功能下降。[11]
有些作者批评“超加工食品”的概念定义不够清楚,而Nova的分类系统过度着重于食物的种类而非摄取的分量。[12] 其他作者 (大多来自营养领域) 则批评对健康的影响缺乏可归因的机制,着重于目前的研究证据并未提供超加工食品如何影响身体系统的具体解释。[13]
定义
[编辑]至少自工业革命以来,人们对食品加工的担忧就一直存在。[14]超加工食品的起源更为近期:迈克尔·波伦(Michael Pollan)颇具影响力的著作《杂食动物的困惑》(The Omnivore's Dilemma,2006)将高度加工的工业食品称为“可食用的类似食品的物质”。[15] 卡洛斯·奥古斯托·蒙泰罗 (Carlos Augusto Monteiro) 在2009年的评论中指出,波伦对创造“超加工食品”一词产生了影响。一些消息来源将超加工食品描述为“预消化食品”。[16][17][18][19]
蒙泰罗的团队从2010年开始开发了Nova分类法,用于对未加工食品和加工食品进行分组,其超加工的定义成为最广泛接受的定义,并透过连续出版物进行了完善。[20] 超加工食品的识别以及类别本身是营养和公共卫生科学家争论的主题,并且已经提出了其他定义。[21]
一项对2021年食品加工等级分类系统的调查确定了四个“界定主题”:
- 改变的程度 (与自然状态不同)
- 改变的性质(特性、添加的成分)
- 加工地点(何处/由谁加工)
- 加工的目的(为什么,必要/美观)[22]
蒙泰罗2009年的评论
[编辑]卡洛斯·蒙泰罗 (Carlos Monteiro) 与圣保罗大学的研究团队合作,首次发表了超加工食品的概念:
超加工食品基本上是由第2类成分[从完整食物中萃取的物质]所制成的甜点,通常结合复杂的添加剂使用,使其可食用、可口,并能养成习惯。尽管它们可能被塑造、被标签和被行销,使其看起来有益健康和“新鲜”,但它们与第1类食品[微加工食品]并无真正的相似之处。与第2类的成分不同,超级加工食品通常不会与微量加工食品、菜肴和餐点一起食用,或作为其中的一部分。相反地,它们被设计成即食(有时会加入液体,例如牛奶)或即热,而且通常单独或混合食用(例如咸味零食搭配汽水、面包搭配汉堡)。[23]
这个定义与基于特定成分的定义一样具有社会性,这使得即使在未经训练的消费者中,对超加工食品的理解也非常直观。[24][25]一封回应蒙泰罗2009年评论的信件表明,该定义“缺乏精确性”,因为它缺乏传统食品科学的可测量定义。[26]正因为如此,研究人员不同意该定义是否可以构成对照实验的有效基础。[12]研究人员已经为超美味食品 (hyperpalatable food) 制定了定量定义,但没有为超加工食品制定了定量定义。[27]
参看
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Monteiro, Carlos. The big issue is ultra-processing. World Nutrition. 2010, 1 (6): 237–269 [2023-10-29]. ISSN 2041-9775. (原始内容存档于2023-12-15) (英语).
- ^ Monteiro, Carlos. The big issue is ultra-processing. Why bread, hot dogs – and margarine – are ultra-processed. World Nutrition. 2011, 2 (10): 534–549 [2023-10-29]. ISSN 2041-9775. (原始内容存档于2024-01-21) (英语).
- ^ Monteiro, Carlos A.; Cannon, Geoffrey; Levy, Renata B; Moubarac, Jean-Claude; Louzada, Maria L. C.; Rauber, Fernanda; Khandpur, Neha; Cediel, Gustavo; Neri, Daniela; Martinez-Steele, Euridice; Baraldi, Larissa G.; Jaime, Patricia C. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition. 2019, 22 (5): 936–941. ISSN 1368-9800. PMC 10260459 . PMID 30744710. doi:10.1017/S1368980018003762 (英语).
- ^ Touvier, Mathilde; Louzada, Maria Laura da Costa; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Baker, Phillip; Juul, Filippa; Srour, Bernard. Ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic health: public health policies to reduce consumption cannot wait. BMJ. 2023-10-09, 383: e075294. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 10561017 . PMID 37813465. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075294 (英语).
- ^ Pagliai, G.; Dinu, M.; Madarena, M. P.; Bonaccio, M.; Iacoviello, L.; Sofi, F. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition. 2021-02-14, 125 (3): 308–318. ISSN 0007-1145. PMC 7844609 . PMID 32792031. doi:10.1017/S0007114520002688 (英语).
- ^ Lane MM, Gamage E, Du S, Ashtree DN, McGuinness AJ, Gauci S, Baker P, Lawrence M, Rebholz CM, Srour B, Touvier M, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Segasby T, Marx W. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ. February 2024, 384: e077310. PMC 10899807 . PMID 38418082. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077310.
- ^ Leite, Fernanda Helena Marrocos; Khandpur, Neha; Andrade, Giovanna Calixto; Anastasiou, Kim; Baker, Phillip; Lawrence, Mark; Monteiro, Carlos Augusto. Ultra-processed foods should be central to global food systems dialogue and action on biodiversity. BMJ Global Health. 2022-03-01, 7 (3): e008269. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 8895941 . PMID 35346976. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008269 (英语).
- ^ <cite web|url=https://www.natgeomedia.com/science/article/content-16827.html%7Ctitle=「超加工食品」不只有害健康──還會擾亂你的心智%7Cpublisher=國家地理雜誌%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306110452/https://www.natgeomedia.com/science/article/content-16827.html%7Carchive-date=2024-03-06%7Curl-status=live}}
- ^ 美研究:大量吃超加工食品 抑鬱風險增. 明报. [2024-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-15).
- ^ 71 國 40 萬人研究,揭開青少年不開心三大元兇. 科技新报. [2024-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-15).
报告指出现代社会可能出现的不同祸害,包括越来越年轻就使用智能手机、过度加工食品以及家庭关系的破裂。每天食用超加工食品的人中,有超过一半的人感到苦恼或精神健康困扰,而很少或从不食用超加工食品的人中,比例只有 18%。
- ^ 11.0 11.1 哈佛大學刊物:「6大超加工食品」別碰!吃多恐變笨、致癌. ETtoday. [2024-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-15).
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