颗粒岩
颗粒岩(英语:grainstone)是指由碳酸盐颗粒支撑的碎屑碳酸盐岩[1] ,其含泥质充填物少于 1% 。碳酸盐颗粒之间的空间可能是空的,造成孔隙,或被其他固结物充填。
石油储存
[编辑]颗粒岩是在高能量沉积环境下的浅水边缘沉积物。因为受长期波浪的冲刷,沉积物中的黏土和粉砂被水流带走,留下颗粒大的碎屑颗粒。后来被岩化成而成颗粒岩。因此颗粒岩中的孔隙率高,适于石油储存。
各地质年代的颗粒岩石油储层都有被报道, 但在中东地区,因为古气候影响,颗粒岩分布最广。因而形成较多的颗粒岩石油储层,包括众所熟悉的沙特阿拉伯的北里油田(Berri Field)。 此油田的储层是侏罗纪的颗粒岩[2]。根据地震地层学研究,发现海退体系及海侵体系内均有颗粒岩的堆积, 不受海平面升降影响。 在阿拉伯联合酋长国的下白垩纪储层也是颗粒岩[3]。
在美国陆上,侏罗纪的斯马科弗地层(Smackover Formation)是广氾被开采的石油储层,它属海相碳酸盐层也由颗粒岩组成[4]。
陆相颗粒岩多在湖岸扇三角洲沉积。在此处碳酸盐碎屑沉积物经由波浪淘洗而形成颗粒岩。在巴西内陆的桑托斯盆地Santos Basin是该国重要的石油产地,其中巴拉维尔哈组(Barra Velha) 油层就由颗粒岩组成[5].
孔隙度变化
[编辑]颗粒岩的主要成分是碳酸盐多由方解石及文石等矿物组成。在岩石埋藏历史中,此类矿物很容易被酸性地下水侵蚀, 在高压下也容易变形。因此岩石孔隙度也遭到破坏,失去石油储层价值。一般在深度超过5 000 m,由于压实和胶结作用,碳酸盐岩储层被认为是孔隙度小于10% 的劣质储层[6]. 但一方面,这种致密石灰岩中含有微孔,亦可容纳大量的石油和天然气,不能忽视[7].
致密碳酸盐岩储层在全球分布广泛,而微孔广泛存在于中东、北非、东南亚、里海地区、北美、南美和欧洲的显生宙石灰岩储层中[8]. 经济勘探潜力大。
微孔起源
[编辑]微孔的起源有争论。一些人认为,微孔是原有的孔隙在埋藏环境中经过矿物化而被保藏[8]。另一派认为微孔是溶解在沉积物的方解石和蒸发岩矿物的微晶而造成的[9]。其形成受沉积环境和成岩作用 共同作用的结果[10]。由淡水引起的溶解作用已被证实从近地表到浅埋环境中都能造成微孔[11]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Dunham, R.J. (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Classification of Carbonate Rocks (Ed. W.E. Ham), Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 1, 108–121
- ^ McGuire, M. D., Koepnick, R. B., Markello, J. R., Stockton, M. L., Waite, L. E., Kompanik, G. S., Al-Shammery, M. J., and M. O. Al-Amoudi. "Importance of Sequence Stratigraphic Concepts in Development of Reservoir Architecture in Upper侏罗纪Grainstones, Hadriya and Hanifa Reservoirs, Saudi Arabia." Paper presented at the Middle East Oil Show, Bahrain, April 1993. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/25578-MS
- ^ Daniel Morad ,Matteo Paganoni ;Amena Al Harthi ;Sadoon Morad ;Andrea Ceriani ;Howri Mansurbeg ;Aisha Al Suwaidi ;Ihsan S. Al-Aasm ;Stephen N. Ehrenberg (2018)Origin and evolution of microporosity in packstones and grainstones in a Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir, United Arab Emirates Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP435.20
- ^ Feazel, C.T. (1985). Diagenesis of Jurassic Grainstone Reservoirs in the Smackover Formation, Chatom Field, Alabama. In: Roehl, P.O., Choquette, P.W. (eds) Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5040-1_23
- ^ A. J. Barnett, M. Obermaier, J. Amthor, M. Sharafodin, M. Bolton, D. Clarke, R. Camara (2021) , Origin and Significance of Thick Carbonate Grainstone Packages in Nonmarine Successions: A Case Study from the Barra Velha Formation, Santos Basin, Brazil, AAPG Memoir 124: The Supergiant Lower Cretaceous Pre-Salt Petroleum Systems of the Santos Basin, Brazil, 2021Pages 155-174,DOI: 10.1306/13722318MSB.6.1853
- ^ S. N. Ehrenberg, P. H. Nadeau, Ø. Steen; Petroleum reservoir porosity versus depth: Influence of geological age. AAPG Bulletin 2009;; 93 (10): 1281–1296. doi: https://doi.org/10.1306/06120908163
- ^ Ehrenberg, S. N., & Nadeau, P. H. (2005). Sandstone vs. carbonate petroleum reservoirs: A global perspective on porosity-depth and porosity-permeability relationships. AAPG bulletin, 89(4), 435-445.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Hashim MS, Kaczmarek SE. A review of the nature and origin of limestone microporosity. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2019 Sep 1;107:527-54
- ^ Daniel Morad ,Matteo Paganoni ;Amena Al Harthi ;Sadoon Morad ;Andrea Ceriani ;Howri Mansurbeg ;Aisha Al Suwaidi ;Ihsan S. Al-Aasm ;Stephen N. Ehrenberg (2018)Origin and evolution of microporosity in packstones and grainstones in a Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir, United Arab Emirates Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP435.20
- ^ Eltom, H., Abdullatif, O., Makkawi, M. and Abdulraziq, A. (2013), MICROPOROSITY IN THE UPPER JURASSIC ARAB-D CARBONATE RESERVOIR, CENTRAL SAUDI ARABIA: AN OUTCROP ANALOGUE STUDY. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 36: 281-297.https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12556
- ^ Moshier, S. O. (1989). Development of microporosity in a micritic limestone reservoir, Lower Cretaceous, Middle East. Sedimentary Geology, 63(3-4), 217-240