猛兽有蹄类[编辑]
外观
猛兽有蹄大目 化石时期:
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科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
演化支: | 兽形类 Theriimorpha |
演化支: | 兽型类 Theriiformes |
演化支: | Trechnotheria |
演化支: | 歧兽类 Cladotheria |
演化支: | 原磨楔齿类 Prototribosphenida |
演化支: | Zatheria |
演化支: | 磨楔齿类 Tribosphenida |
亚纲: | 兽亚纲 Theria |
下纲: | 真兽下纲 Eutheria |
演化支: | 有胎盘类 Placentalia |
高目: | 北方真兽高目 Boreoeutheria |
总目: | 劳亚兽总目 Laurasiatheria |
演化支: | 有阴囊类 Scrotifera |
大目: | 猛兽有蹄大目 Ferungulata Simpson, 1945[1] |
亚群 | |
异名 | |
猛兽有蹄类(学名:Ferungulata)是有胎盘类下的一个演化支,包含了猛兽类与泛有蹄类,与翼手目为姊妹群,两者共同组成有阴囊类。
传统的猛兽有蹄类是由乔治·盖洛德·辛普森于1945年建立[1],包括了食肉目、奇蹄目、偶蹄目、管齿目、近蹄类及其他化石物种。
辛普森对于猛兽有蹄类的建立系完全根据于生物形态学,但现今依据分子系统发生学的研究已推翻了当初的分类结果[3][4][5],并将辛普森原先认定的有蹄类分到两独立演化支下-非洲兽总目与劳亚兽总目,仅剩下偶蹄目与奇蹄目被保留在猛兽有蹄类中,其他包含在猛兽有蹄类下的演化支还包括原先的食肉目,并加入了鳞甲目,另外原先被辛普森所建立的鲸目现也改被分类至偶蹄目下,并改名为鲸下目。
猛兽有蹄类内部的演化关系[6][7][8][9][5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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本分支图系根据于粒线体DNA、核DNA、蛋白质及化石纪录 |
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 跳转到: 1.0 1.1 Simpson, George Gaylord. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1945, 85: 350 [2022-09-18]. hdl:2246/1104. (原始内容存档于2015-04-29).
- ^ Arnason U., Gullberg A., Janke A. (1999.) "The mitochondrial DNA molecule of the aardvark, Orycteropus afer, and the position of the Tubulidentata in the eutherian tree." Proc R Soc Lond B 266:339–345
- ^ 跳转到: 3.0 3.1 Waddell; et al. Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant (PDF). Systematic Biology. 1999, 48 (1): 31–53 [4 October 2011]. PMID 12078643. doi:10.1080/106351599260427 . (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-03-13).
- ^ Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, K.; Yang, G. Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals. Systematic Biology. 2012, 61 (1): 150–164. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 3243735 . PMID 21900649. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.
- ^ 跳转到: 5.0 5.1 Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
- ^ O’Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013.) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Science 339:6120:662-667.
- ^ Burger, Benjamin J. The Systematic Position of the Saber-Toothed and Horned Giants of the Eocene: The Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata) (PDF). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 75th Annual Meeting. Dallas. 2015-10-15 [2020-02-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-20). Conference abstract (p. 99) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Explanation and conclusions: YouTube上的Episode 17: Systematic position of the Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata).
- ^ Orliac, M. J.; o'Leary, M. A. The inner ear of Protungulatum (Pan-Euungulata, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2016, 23 (4): 337–352 [2022-09-18]. S2CID 33676627. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9327-z. (原始内容存档于2021-07-12).
- ^ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)