印歐語語音定律概覽

這份概覽包括語言學家對印歐語系中的各種語言總結出的音變規律。每個規則都給出了簡潔的描述；在各自的主頁面中提供了更多詳細信息。

在所有原始印歐語或多個分支內

牧牛人規則

在 *w 或 *u 旁，圓唇軟齶塞音不再圓唇。規則還指出，在原始日耳曼語中，-um- 或 -un-旁的圓唇軟齶塞音不再圓唇。

格拉斯曼定律

（適用於希臘語、印度-伊朗語族）如果兩個相鄰音節均包含送氣輔音，那麼第一個送氣音被異化為不送氣音。規則還指出，在希臘語中，第一個送氣音還會發生清化，和 *s 到 *h 的異化。

kʷetwóres規則

若一個單詞的三個音節包含é-o-X（X是任何一個元音）的元音模式，重音將會遷移到中間的音節，即形成e-ó-X。

Osthoff定律

（除去吐火羅語和印度-伊朗語族）當一個長元音後跟着一個響音和另外一個輔音，該長元音變為短元音。

Pinault定律

喉音在輔音*y前消失。

Ruki定律

（適用於波羅的-斯拉夫，阿爾巴尼亞語，亞美尼亞語，印度-伊朗語族）*s在 *r, *u, *k 或 *i 前縮回成齒齦後音 *š。*g and *gʰ 在 *s, *r̥, *w, *y 前清化。在印度-伊朗語族中，*r 和 *l 發生融合。在斯拉夫語族中，*š 進一步收回為 *x，除非後面跟着一個前元音或 *j。

Siebs定律

如果一個飄忽s-被加在濁輔音開頭的詞根上，這個濁輔音清化，並保留送氣的性質。

Stang定律

在詞的末尾，當一個喉音、*y 或 *w 在一個元音之後、在一個鼻音之前，這個音（喉音、*y 或 *w）消失，其前面的元音變為長元音。

Szemerényi定律

在詞的末尾，當一個 *s 或 *h₂ 的前面依次是一個響音和一個元音，這個音（*s 或 *h₂）消失，其前面的元音變為長元音。如果結果是*-ōn，這個n也消失，最終是*-ō。

波羅的-斯拉夫

Hirt定律

If a syllable ends in a vowel (not a diphthong) followed by a laryngeal, then the accent is retracted onto that syllable if it originally fell on the following syllable. The law applies to the original PIE accent placement, but after levelling of PIE mobile-accented paradigms into end-stressed paradigms. It also applied before the epenthesis before syllabic sonorants.

Pedersen定律

In words with a (Balto-Slavic) mobile accent paradigm, the accent was retracted from a medial onto the initial syllable. In Proto-Slavic, a similar analogical change caused the retraction of the accent onto a preceding unaccented clitic, such as a preposition.

Winter定律

Short vowels (*a, *e, *i, *o, *u) are lengthened before unaspirated voiced stops (*b, *d, *g, but not *ǵ). The newly lengthened vowel receives the "acute register". The law may only have applied to vowels that were followed by a stop in the same syllable.

波羅的語族

De Saussure定律

（立陶宛語）If a non-acuted accented syllable is followed by an acuted syllable, the accent shifts forwards onto the acuted syllable. This split the Balto-Slavic fixed accent paradigm into Lithuanian paradigms 1 and 2, and the mobile accent paradigm into paradigms 3 and 4.

Hjelmslev定律

（暫缺）

Leskien定律

（立陶宛語）If a word-final long vowel or diphthong is acuted, it is shortened.

斯拉夫語族

Dybo定律

If a syllable was non-acute and accented, the accent was advanced onto the following syllable. The originally accented syllable retains its length. The change was prevented if the word had a mobile accent paradigm.

Havlík定律

Yers (the vowels *ь and *ъ) became "strong" or "weak" in an alternating pattern, depending on their position in a word. A yer was weak unless the next syllable contained a weak yer, then it became strong. Weak yers were eventually lost, while strong yers were lowered and became other vowels.

Ivšić定律

Accented weak yers (according to Havlík's law) lost their accent to the preceding syllable, which received a "neoacute" accent.

Meillet定律

In words with a mobile accent paradigm, if the first syllable is accented with a rising (acute) accent, it is converted into a falling (circumflex) accent.

Stang定律

If a word-final syllable was long falling (circumflex) accented, the accent was retracted onto the preceding syllable. The originally accented syllable is shortened, and the newly-accented syllable receives a "neoacute" accent. This change applied after Dybo's law, and often "undid" it by shifting the accent back again.

Van Wijk定律

Short vowels, except for yers (*ь, *ъ) and nasal vowels, are lengthened when preceded by a palatal consonant.

凱爾特語族

Bergin定律

（古愛爾蘭語）動詞可以以連接形式放在句尾。

日耳曼語族

Cowgill定律

（未被完全接受）格林定律生效之後，喉音 *h₃（可能也包括 *h₂）若在響音之後、*w 之前，則其變為 *k。

日耳曼擦音定律

如果一個爆破音之後是一個清音（一般是 *s 或 *t），其變為清擦音，並去圓唇化。齒音若在 *s 之前則變成 *ss，若在 *t 之前則變成 *ss（在較老的形式中）或 *st（在較老的或衍生形式中）。

格林定律

印歐語的三組爆破音發生如下拉鏈式變化：清音變為擦音(*p, *t, *k, *kʷ > *f, *þ, *h, *hʷ)，濁音清化(*b, *d, *g, *gʷ > *p, *t, *k, *kʷ)，送氣濁音不送氣化(*bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ, *gʷʰ > *b, *d, *g, *gʷ)。如果有兩個濁阻礙音，則只有第一個變為擦音，第二個仍是爆破音。

Holtzmann定律

（北部、東部日耳曼語）重疊的半元音 *jj 和 *ww 變為重疊的爆破音。*jj 在北日耳曼語變為 *ggj，在東日耳曼語變為 *ddj，*ww 都變為 *ggw。

北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則

（北海日耳曼語）當/n/後面跟着一個擦音時，/n/消失，前面的元音加長、鼻音化。

Kluge定律

（未被廣泛接受）爆破音與之後的 *n 融合成重疊清爆破音。

Sievers定律

後綴 *j alternates with *ij depending on the syllable weight (length) of the preceding morpheme. *j appears after "light" or "short" morphemes, which consist of a single syllable ending in a short vowel and a single consonant. *ij appears elsewhere, including all morphemes with more than one syllable.

維爾納定律

格林定律生效之後，非重讀音節的末尾的清擦音發生濁化(*f, *þ, *h, *hʷ, *s > *b, *d, *g, *gʷ, *z)。此後，所有重音移動到第一個音節上。

印度-伊朗語族

Bartholomae定律

If cluster of two or more obstruents contains at least one voiced aspirated consonant, the whole cluster becomes voiced and aspirated.

Brugmann定律

When it is an ablaut alternant of *e, the vowel *o is lengthened and (after merging) becomes *ā when it stands at the end of a syllable.

In all words or word-groups of four or more syllables bearing the chief accent on a long syllable, a short unaccented medial vowel was necessarily syncopated, but might be restored by analogy

意大利語族

Exon定律

在具有四個或更多音節的單詞中，若第二、第三個音節是短音節，則第二個音節的元音被省略。

Lachmann定律

若一個短元音後跟着一個底層上的濁塞音、一個清塞音，其變為長元音。