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西班牙裔

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西班牙裔（西班牙語：Hispano）或西班牙語裔是美洲地區的一個特定語言族群，他們擁有來自於拉丁美洲或者伊比利亞半島的血統。[1][2][3]廣義來說，西班牙裔包含所有在美洲居住並且自定義為西班牙裔或者拉丁裔的一類人。[4][5][6][7][8][9]

西班牙裔人的祖先分佈廣泛，族群多樣性非常強。因此西班牙裔並不是一個種族，而更像一類族群，以語言和文化維繫。

西班牙裔、拉丁裔和西班牙人的區別

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  「拉丁裔」重新導向至此。關於古代歐洲的拉丁人，請見「拉丁人」。

西班牙裔（Hispanic）和拉丁裔（Latino）經常會被人們混用。事實上，西班牙裔的定義相比而言較為廣義，指的是說西班牙語的人或者祖籍為西班牙的人；而拉丁裔的則較為狹義，指的是擁有狹義拉丁美洲祖先的人們（因此還包括巴西人，儘管大部分巴西人說葡萄牙語），這裏的狹義指代的是以拉丁語族語言為官方語言的美洲國家和地區，即西班牙語、葡萄牙語以及法語，注意英語和荷蘭語不屬於拉丁語族。另外不包括說法語的加拿大魁北克省，因為該省份並不在拉丁美洲的範疇中。[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

除了這兩者外，還有更狹義的西班牙人（Españoles，英語Spaniards），僅指代和現代西班牙有關的人。

用公式表達，

拉丁裔 = 祖籍為拉丁美洲的人 = 說西班牙語的拉丁美洲人+說葡萄牙語的拉丁美洲人（巴西人）+說法語的拉丁美洲人（海地人等，偶爾包括）-西班牙人-葡萄牙人-法國人-說英語的美洲人（蓋亞那人+伯利茲人等）-說荷蘭語的美洲人（蘇里南人）-美國人-加拿大人（包括說法語的魁北克人）
西班牙裔 = 西班牙人+說西班牙語的拉丁美洲人-葡萄牙人-巴西人

葡萄牙人和其他說葡萄牙語且非拉丁美洲人則既不是西班牙裔也不是拉丁裔，但包含葡語為主的巴西人，而以英語主的加勒比海國家人民則有時和講荷語的蘇里南人和以英文為主的圭亞那人和伯利茲人被排除在外，因為英語和荷語並非屬於拉丁語族的語言，而蘇國與蓋國更以印度族裔為多數，其中圭亞那的亞裔族群眾多(華人和印度裔眾多)，而拉丁民族中的歐洲白人後裔、印地安人後裔和印歐混血人種（梅斯蒂索人）皆屬少數，只有非裔黑人和歐非混血人佔多數，所以有時也會被排除在外，而以法語為主的海地人（雖然主要種族是非裔黑人）與法屬圭亞那人民廣義也算拉丁裔，因為法語也是拉丁語所延伸出的拉丁語族中的一種語言，但拉丁裔更常被用於講西班語為主的人身上。

族群分佈

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西班牙裔或者拉丁裔佔據了美國16.9%的人口，即5300萬人。[21]由此而成為繼墨西哥，超過阿根廷，哥倫比亞和西班牙的第二大西班牙社群。[22]

參考資料

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  1. ^ Luis Fraga; John A. Garcia. Latino Lives in America: Making It Home. Temple University Press. 2010: 145 [2014-03-14]. ISBN 978-1-4399-0050-5. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-27）. 
  2. ^ Nancy L. Fisher. Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: A Guide for Genetics Professionals. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1996: 19 [2014-03-14]. ISBN 978-0-8018-5346-3. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）. 
  3. ^ Robert H. Holden; Rina Villars. Contemporary Latin America: 1970 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. 2012: 18 [2014-03-14]. ISBN 978-1-118-27487-3. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-18）. 
  4. ^ 49 CFR Part 26. [2012-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-23）. 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race; 
  5. ^ US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure (PDF). [2012-10-22]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2006-09-25）. SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal. 
  6. ^ Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. [2011-03-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-29）. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin regardless of race. 
  7. ^ American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin. United States Census Bureau. [2008-10-05]. （原始內容存檔於2001-03-05）. For Census 2000, American Community Survey: People who identify with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban" - as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino." Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any "race".
    1990 Census of Population and Housing: A self-designated classification for people whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish speaking countries of Central or South America, the Caribbean, or those identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, etc. Origin can be viewed as ancestry, nationality, or country of birth of the person or person's parents or ancestors prior to their arrival in the United States.     
  8. ^ Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997. [2012-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2004-02-08）. 
  9. ^ B03001. Hispanic or Latino origin by specific origin. 2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. [2010-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-12）. 
  10. ^ Carlos Dejud. The Relationship Among Ethnic Identity, Psychological Well-being, Academic Achievement, and Intergroup Competence of School-age Hispanic/Latino Youth. ProQuest. 2007: 21 [2014-03-14]. ISBN 978-0-549-29853-3. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-26）. 
  11. ^ Timothy Ready. Latino Immigrant Youth: Passages from Adolescence to Adulthood. Taylor & Francis. 1991: 14 [2014-03-14]. ISBN 978-0-8153-0057-1. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-20）. 
  12. ^ Latino: People with roots in the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Americas. This broader term, mostly used in the United States, is sometimes used as a replacement for Hispanic.. [2014-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-18）. 
  13. ^ Defining "Hispanic" as meaning those with Spanish speaking roots in the Americas and "Latino" as meaning those with both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking roots in Latin America.. [2014-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-21）. 
  14. ^ "'Latino' . . . 'is more inclusive and descriptive'" than Hispanic. "'Latino' is short for 'latinoamericano,' which of course means Latin American in Spanish. Like its English counterpart, the term 'latinoamericano' strictly refers to the people who come from the territory in the Americas colonized by Latin nations, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, whose languages are derived from Latin. People from Brazil, Mexico, and even Haiti are thus all 'latinoamericanos.' Individuals who are decendants of the former British or Dutch colonies are excluded. . . . Finally, 'hispanoamericanos' are persons from the former colonies of Spain in the 'New World.' The expression 'Hispanic' probably derives from 'hispanoamericanos.'" Angel R. Oquendo, Re-Imagining the Latino/a Race, 12 Harvard BlackLetter L.J. 93, 96 -97 (1995)
  15. ^ "[T]he term 'Latino' . . . is more inclusive and descriptive than the term 'Hispanic.'" Deborah A. Ramirez, Excluded Voices: The Disenfranchisement of Ethnic Groups From Jury Service, 1993 Wis. L. Rev. 761, 806 (1993).
  16. ^ Anderson, Kevin. The complexity of race in New Mexico. The Guardian (London). 2008-10-18 [2014-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-04）. 
  17. ^ [[Category:自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目]][[[Wikipedia:失效链接|失效連結]]] (PDF). [2014-03-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-10-24）.  網址－維基內鏈衝突 (幫助)
  18. ^ AP Stylebook Twitter. [2012-04-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-11）. 
  19. ^ Herald Style Guide. [2012-04-06]. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-24）. 
  20. ^ Newsroom 101: Recent Changes to AP Style. Newsroom 101. [2012-04-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-18）. 
  21. ^ Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports. 2012-05-17 [2014-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-18） （英語）. 
  22. ^ Agence France-Presse. U.S. now has most Spanish speakers outside Mexico. 2013-06-15 [2014-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03） （英語）. 

參考文獻

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  • De la Garza, Rodolfo O.; Desipio, Louis. Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1996 [2018-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-22）. 
  • Maura, Juan Francisco. Caballeros y rufianes andantes en la costa atlántica de los Estados Unidos: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón y Alvar Núñez Cabeza. Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos. 2011, 35 (2): 305–328. 
  • Maura, Juan Francisco. Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI. Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 2009, 86 (5): 577–603. doi:10.1080/14753820902969345. 
  • Maura, Juan Francisco. Sobre el origen hispánico del nombre ‘Canadá’ (PDF). Lemir: Revista de literatura medieval y del Renacimiento. 2016, (20): 17–52 [2018-08-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-03-11）. 
  • Montalban-Anderssen, Romero Anton. What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition. andrew.cmu.edu. 1996 [2018-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-11）. 
  • Price, Marie D.; Cooper, Catherine W. Competing Visions, Shifting Boundaries: The Construction of Latin America as a World Region. Journal of Geography. May 2007, 106 (3): 113–122. doi:10.1080/00221340701599113. 

外部連結

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維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：西班牙裔
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