原始猶他-阿茲特克語
| 原始猶他－阿茲特克語 | |
|---|---|
| PUA | |
| 重建自 | 猶他－阿茲特克語系 |
| 區域 | 中美洲北端 |
| 時代 | 3000 BC |
| 下層重建 | |
原始猶他－阿茲特克語是猶他－阿茲特克語系的祖語。學界一般認為猶他－阿茲特克語系原鄉在美墨邊境地區，具體點說是在亞利桑那州和新墨西哥州的高地地區，以及相鄰的墨西哥索諾拉省和奇瓦瓦省，大致對應索諾拉沙漠和奇瓦瓦沙漠西部。可能在約5000年前由中美洲北端的中石器時代的狩獵採集部落使用。
原鄉
[編輯]構擬出的植物詞彙能提供一些原始猶他－阿茲特克語的生態環境。Fowler將原始猶他－阿茲特克語定在亞利桑那中部，北部方言在內華達和莫哈韋沙漠，南部方言向南跨過泰皮曼走廊進入墨西哥。[1]努米語族的原鄉曾被認為在加州南部的死亡谷附近，南猶他－阿茲特克語族的原鄉則在索諾拉省沿海。[2]:137
一個相反的假說認為原始猶他－阿茲特克語的原鄉在遠得多的南方，在2001年首先由簡·希爾提出，證據是她構擬出的原始猶他－阿茲特克語的一些與玉米有關的詞彙。她的理論認為，假定的原始猶他－阿茲特克語使用者是中美洲玉米農民，逐漸向北遷徙途中也將玉米農業帶走，時間大約在4500到3000年前。使用者地理分佈的割裂對應語言聯合體的破裂。[3][4]這個理論漏洞百出，猶他-阿茲特克語系研究者們沒有廣泛接受它。[5][6][7][8][9]:346-350通過計算機系統發育學，Wheeler & Whiteley (2014)[10]:113–125的研究也支持原始猶他－阿茲特克語的南方原鄉，在歷史上克拉族和部分納瓦族佔據的區域內或周邊。納瓦特爾語形成了Wheeler & Whiteley (2014)的猶他-阿茲特克語系系統發生樹的基幹部分。Merrill (2012)的農業相關詞彙研究發現農業詞彙只能構擬進南猶他－阿茲特克語族。這說明原始猶他－阿茲特克語社區尚未發展出農業，從北部進入中美洲後才發展出來。[11]
2014年David L. Shaul的更近的假說提供了支持原始猶他－阿茲特克語和加利福尼亞中部語言，如艾索倫語和約庫贊語支間接觸的證據。這使得Shaul認為原始猶他－阿茲特克語曾分佈在加利福尼亞中央谷地，是古加利福尼亞語言聯盟的一部分。[12]
音系
[編輯]元音
[編輯]原始猶他－阿茲特克語的元音不同尋常：*i *a *u *o *ɨ。Langacker (1970)證明第5個元音應該被擬作*ɨ，而不是*e，針對它的構擬存在長期爭議。[13][14][2]:136
輔音
[編輯]| 唇音 | 舌冠音 | 硬顎音 | 軟齶音 | 唇化 軟齶音 |
聲門音 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 塞音 | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | *ʔ | |
| 塞擦音 | *ts | |||||
| 擦音 | *s | *h | ||||
| 鼻音 | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
| R音 | *r | |||||
| 半元音 | *j | *w |
*n和*ŋ可能實際上分別是*l和*n。
詞彙
[編輯]下面是部分Stubbs (2011)的原始猶他－阿茲特克詞彙。[15]
- 縮寫
- NUA=北猶他－阿茲特克語族
- SUA=南猶他－阿茲特克語族
| 詞義 | 原始猶他－阿茲特克語 |
|---|---|
| 箭 | *huc(a) > *huC |
| 乳房 | *piCti(C) |
| 兀鷲、紅頭美洲鷲 | *wiLhukuN |
| 爪 | *siCtuN / *suCtuN |
| 烤 | *kwasïC / *kwasaC |
| 蟋蟀 | *tukaw-capaLa |
| 耳 | *nakka / *naNkapa (< *na(N)kasapa ?) |
| 目 | *pusi |
| 給 | *makaC |
| 手、臂 | *man > *ma |
| 頭 | *mo』o；*ku / *ku’o |
| 心 | *suna > SUA *suLa |
| 重 | pïttï / *pïttiya / *pïttV』a |
| 腳踝 | *tanapiCko / *tamukpi』-(ko) |
| 角 | *awaC / *a』awaC |
| 屋、家 | *kanni (NUA) / *kaLi (SUA); *ki |
| 丈夫 | *kuNa / *kumCa / *kuCma |
| 肝 | *nïmaC / *nïmaN |
| 肺 | *somCo / *soNCa > *soŋo |
| 月 | *mïcaC (< *mancaL ?) |
| 母親 | *yï』ï / *yïC / *yïk; *ya... |
| 口 | *tï』na > *tï』ni; *tï』nV-pa > *tï』n-pa > *tïmpa |
| 肚臍 | *sikuN / *sikʷuL |
| 脖 | *kuta / *kuLa |
| 不，非 | *ka / *kay |
| 鼻 | *yakaC / *ya』ka; *mupiC / *mukpiC |
| 棉尾兔 | *tapuC / *taput |
| 彩虹 | *ko(C)-samaLo |
| 路 | *poC / *po』ï / *powï |
| 石 | *tïmï-ta > *tïN-(pV) |
| 腐爛、膿、感染 | *piska / *pisVka |
| 鹽 | *omCa / *oNCa > oŋa |
| 臭鼬 | *huppa; *po(C)ni |
| 天 | NUA *tukuN(-pa) > SUA *tVkpa |
| 睡 | *ïppïwi / *ïCpïCi / *pïwi; *koci |
| 雪 | *kïpa; *nïpa |
| 夏 | *taCcaC < *tattaC / *taCcaC |
| 日，一天 | *ta- |
| 尾 | *kwasi |
| 舌 | *Laŋu; *akoN |
| 齒 | *tamaC / *tamaN / *taman |
| 尿 | *si』i / *si』a |
| 水 | *pa / *pa』wi |
| 什麼 | *han-ta / *hiCta / *hin-ta |
| 何時 | *ha-na-』oko |
| 誰 | *haka / *haki |
| 風、吹 | *hïka / *hïkawa / *hïkwa |
| 冬 | *tommo / *toCmo |
| 狼 | *cï』ï |
| 1 | *sïma』 / *sïmï』; *sïnu |
| 2 | *wakay / *wokay |
| 3 | *pakay |
參考
[編輯]
維基詞典有份詞表：原始猶他－阿茲特克語構擬詞表
- ^ Fowler 1983.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Campbell 1997.
- ^ Hill 2001，[1].
- ^ Hill 2010，[2].
- ^ Kemp et al. 2010，[3].
- ^ Merrill et al. 2010，[4].
- ^ Brown 2010，[5].
- ^ Campbell 2003.
- ^ Campbell & Poser 2008.
- ^ Wheeler, W. C.; Whiteley, P. M. Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: the evolution and biogeography of Uto‐Aztecan languages (PDF). Cladistics. 2014, 31 (2) [2021-08-20]. doi:10.1111/cla.12078. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-08-25）.
- ^ Merrill 2012.
- ^ Shaul 2014.
- ^ Langacker 1970，[6].
- ^ Dakin 1996，[7].
- ^ Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary. Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services.
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. PMID 20231478. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914859107. - Caballero, G. Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto‐Aztecan Languages. Language and Linguistics Compass. 2011, 5 (7). doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x.:485–504
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