白宮行政官邸

38°53′52″N 77°02′11″W / 38.89778°N 77.03639°W / 38.89778; -77.03639

行政官邸（英語：Executive Residence）是位於白宮建築群東翼（英語：East Wing）與西翼之間的中央建築。行政官邸是白宮建築群中最著名的部分，也是真正的「住宅」部分。這座中央建築始建於1792年至1800年，是美國總統及第一家庭（英語：First family of the United States）的住所。行政官邸主要由四層組成：地面層、國家層、第二層和第三層。1948年至1952年，在杜魯門總統重建白宮（英語：White House Reconstruction）期間，修建了帶有夾層的兩層地下室以用於安置暖通空調、機械系統、存儲設備，以及佈置服務區域。

地下層

白宮地下層是在1948年到1952年的重建（英語：White House Reconstruction）過程中新增的^[1]^[2]^[3]，其中包含了空調及水軟化設備^[4]^[5]^[6]。地下層及夾層還包含了儲存區、供暖系統、電梯機械室、醫療診所、牙醫診所^[6]、電氣控制系統^[1]、洗衣房^[1]^[6]^[7]，以及餐具存放地^[8]。

基底層

新舊廚房變遷

白宮的基底層最初包含一系列服務用房。由於白宮建立在一個向南傾斜的小山丘上，為了提供通往基底層北側的通道，在修建時挖掉了該宅邸北側及其東北角和西北角附近的區域，以便為底層的這一半提供光線和空氣^[9]。建築師占士·霍班（英語：James Hoban）設計了基底層，他將廚房修建在入口大廳（英語：Entrance Hall）的下方，即在北門廊下方有通往廚房的門。儲藏室在廚房的東側，而廁所和洗碗室在西側^[10]。1846年，廚房搬到了地下一層西北角的兩個房間，而舊的廚房空間變成了非正式的客廳或接待室^[11]。截至2010年，這個原本由在1800年代修建的廚房所佔據的巨大中央空間已被細分為白宮管理人辦公室（英語：White House Office of the Curator）和美國特勤局辦公室^[12]。新廚房也繼續佔據了位於底樓西北角的三個房間，但現在大小有所改變^[12]。

原廚房東側的儲藏室在1809年成為食品儲藏間^[13]，在1825年成為肉類儲物櫃^[14]，然後在1946年變成通往國家層的樓梯^[11]^[15]。到2010年為止，該區域基本上保持不變，但在1952年為了建造電梯井而將樓梯收窄^[16]。

圖書館區域

外交接待室

地圖室

金銀室

北草坪拓展部分

國家層

第二層

第三層

參考資料

腳註

出典

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Frey 2004，第286頁.
^ $5,412,000 Asked, For White House. 華盛頓郵報. 1949-02-18: 21.
^ Phillips-Schrock 2013，第70, 74頁.
^ Klara 2013，第160頁.
^ White House Temperatures Are Checked by Pushbutton. 華盛頓郵報. 1953-06-04: 32.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 McCullough 2003，第1048頁.
^ Sullivan 1989，第37頁.
^ Sullivan 1989，第52頁.
^ Phillips-Schrock 2013，第31–32頁.
^ Phillips-Schrock 2013，第147頁.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Phillips-Schrock 2013，第174頁.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Phillips-Schrock 2013，第178頁.
^ Phillips-Schrock 2013，第152頁.
^ Phillips-Schrock 2013，第161頁.
^ World Book 2005，第20頁.
^ Phillips-Schrock 2013，第174, 178頁.

文獻

Aitken, Jonathan. Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality. New York: Bloomsbury USA. 2013. ISBN 9781620403433.

Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. America's First Families: An Inside View of 200 Years of Private Life in the White House. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2000 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780684864426. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. The Kennedy White House: Family Life and Pictures, 1961–1963. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780743214735. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Bauer, Stephen. At Ease in the White House: Social Life As Seen By a Presidential Military Aide. Dallas: Taylor Trade Publishing. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781589790797. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Buckland, Gail; Culbert-Aguilar, Kathleen. The White House in Miniature: Based on the White House Replica by John, Jan, and the Zweifel Family. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1994 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780393036633. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Bush, Laura. Spoken From the Heart. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2010 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781439155202. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Frey, Raymond. The Truman Renovations of the White House: The House That Harry (Re)Built. Watson, Robert P. (編). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781423739876. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Genovese, Michael A. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency. New York: Facts On File. 2010. ISBN 9781438126388.

Harris, Bill. The White House: An Illustrated Tour. Philadelphia: Courage Books. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780762414116. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-06）.

Kalb, Deborah. Housing of the Executive Branch. Nelson, Michael (編). Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: CQ Press. 2013 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 156802018X. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Klara, Robert. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2013. ISBN 9781250000279.

Lanford, Tom. Edith Roosevelt and the 1902 White House Renovation. Watson, Robert P. (編). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781423739876. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Library of Congress. District of Columbia: Sesquicentennial of the Establishment of the Permanent Seat of Government. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1950.

McAuliffe, Terry; Kettmann, Steve. What a Party!. New York: Griffin. 2008 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780312377755. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2003 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780743260299. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishings and First Families. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. 2000. ISBN 0789206242.

Patrick, John J.; Pious, Richard M.; Ritchie, Donald A. The Oxford Guide to the United States Government. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780195142730.

Patterson, Bradley Hawkes. The White House Staff: Inside the West Wing and Beyond. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 2001 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780815769514. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Peatross, C. Ford; Scott, Pamela; Tepfer, Diane; Freudenheim, Leslie Mandelson. Capital Drawings: Architectural Designs for Washington, D.C., from the Library of Congress. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780801872327. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Phillips-Schrock, Patrick. The White House: An Illustrated Architectural History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. 2013 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780786471522. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Seale, William. The White House: The History of an American Idea. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press. 1992. ISBN 9781558350489.

Seale, William. The White House: The History of an American Idea. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. 2001. ISBN 9780912308852.

Seale, William. Introduction. Seale, William (編). The White House: Actors and Observers. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781555535476. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House. 2007. ISBN 9780812970494.

Smith, Richard Norton. The Gold in the Gilded Age. Seale, William (編). The White House: Actors and Observers. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781555535476. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Sullivan, George. How the White House Really Works. New York: Dutton. 1989. ISBN 9780525672661.

Taylor, Elizabeth Dowling. A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. ISBN 9780230108936.

Thacker-Estrada, Elizabeth Lorelei. Rooms of Their Own: First Ladies and Their Impact On Historic White House Rooms. Watson, Robert P. (編). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781423739876. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-17）.

Walsh, Mike. Bowling Across America: 50 States in Rented Shoes. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008. ISBN 9780312366193.

West, J.B.; Kotz, Mary Lynn. Upstairs at the White House: My Life With the First Ladies. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. 1973. ISBN 069810546X.

Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Florence, Ky.: Psychology Press. 2002. ISBN 9780415939515.

White House Historical Association. The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association. 1962.

Wolff, Perry; Kennedy, Jacqueline. A Tour of the White House With Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1962.

World Book. Christmas in Washington, D.C.. Chicago: World Book. 2005. ISBN 9780716608035.

延伸閱讀

Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1952.

Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1995. ISBN 1555532225.

Truman, Margaret. The President's House: 1800 to the Present. New York: Ballantine. 2003. ISBN 0345444523.

White House Historical Association. The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and National Geographic Association. 2001. ISBN 0912308796.

外部連結

白宮歷史協會（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）（英文）

[FOOTNOTEFrey2004286-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Frey 2004，第286頁.

[2] $5,412,000 Asked, For White House. 華盛頓郵報. 1949-02-18: 21.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock201370,_74-3] Phillips-Schrock 2013，第70, 74頁.

[FOOTNOTEKlara2013160-4] Klara 2013，第160頁.

[5] White House Temperatures Are Checked by Pushbutton. 華盛頓郵報. 1953-06-04: 32.

[FOOTNOTEMcCullough20031048-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 McCullough 2003，第1048頁.

[FOOTNOTESullivan198937-7] Sullivan 1989，第37頁.

[FOOTNOTESullivan198952-8] Sullivan 1989，第52頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock201331–32-9] Phillips-Schrock 2013，第31–32頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock2013147-10] Phillips-Schrock 2013，第147頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock2013174-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Phillips-Schrock 2013，第174頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock2013178-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Phillips-Schrock 2013，第178頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock2013152-13] Phillips-Schrock 2013，第152頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock2013161-14] Phillips-Schrock 2013，第161頁.

[FOOTNOTEWorld_Book200520-15] World Book 2005，第20頁.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips-Schrock2013174,_178-16] Phillips-Schrock 2013，第174, 178頁.

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