超大型企業

超大型企業（英語：megacorporation,mega-corporation或megacorp）是威廉·吉布森推廣的術語，是由mega做為字首與corporation兩個字的結合。它已在賽博朋克文學中廣泛傳播。它指的是一個大型綜合企業（通常是私有企業），在多個市場上擁有壟斷或近乎壟斷的控制權（因此表現出水平和垂直壟斷）。巨型企業是如此強大，以至於他們可以無視法律，擁有自己的（通常是軍隊規模）武裝部隊、私人軍隊，成為私有化警察部隊的經營者，擁有「主權」領土，甚至充當徹頭徹尾的政府。他們經常對員工進行很大程度的控制，從而將「企業文化」這一概念發揮到極致。這種超大型企業的組織的概念早在賽博龐克出現之前就已經出現在科幻小說中了，例如菲利普·狄克(銀翼殺手,1968)、Thea von Harbou（大都會，1927年）、Robert A. Heinlein（銀河公民，1957年）、Robert Asprin（冷現金戰爭，1977年）和Andre Norton（日光女王小說）。在1977年的《旅行者》這個科幻角色扮演遊戲中，該術語的明確使用要早於William Gibson。^[12]

參見

參考資料

^ Bown, Stephen R.: Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600–1900. (Thomas Dunne Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0312616113), p. 16
^ Capra, Fritjof; Mattei, Ugo: The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in Tune with Nature and Community. (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2015, ISBN 978-1626562066), p. 63
^ Weststeijn, Arthur (2014), 'The VOC as a Company-State: Debating Seventeenth-Century Dutch Colonial Expansion,'. Itinerario 38(1): 13–34. doi:10.1017/S0165115314000035
^ Sayle, Murray（英語：Murray Sayle）. Japan goes Dutch. London Review of Books, Vol. 23 No. 7. 2001-04-05 [2017-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-17）.
^ Ames, Glenn J. The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. 2008: 102–103.
^ Brook, Timothy: Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World（英語：Vermeer's Hat）. (Bloomsbury Press, 2008, pp. 288, ISBN 978-1596915992)
^ Hanft, Adam（英語：Adam Hanft）. Google Is the New "CorporNation" - Half Company, Half Virtual Government. HuffingtonPost.com. 2010-05-23 [2018-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-12）. Adam Hanft: "A CorporNation's vast global influence enables it to function simultaneously in two realms: a for-profit company, and as a force that can shape the geopolitical landscape."
^ Phelan, Ben. Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational. PBS.org. 2013-01-07 [2017-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-22）.
^ Taylor, Bryan. The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History. BusinessInsider.com. 2013-11-06 [2017-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-08）.
^ Grenville, Stephen. The first global supply chain. Lowy Institute. 2017-11-03 [2018-08-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）.
^ Desjardins, Jeff. How today's tech giants compare to the massive companies of empires past. BusinessInsider.com. 2017-12-12 [2018-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-15）.
^ Library Data (A-M) - Traveller. Traveller RPG Wiki. [2017-06-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-22）（英語）.

[1] Bown, Stephen R.: Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600–1900. (Thomas Dunne Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0312616113), p. 16

[2] Capra, Fritjof; Mattei, Ugo: The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in Tune with Nature and Community. (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2015, ISBN 978-1626562066), p. 63

[3] Weststeijn, Arthur (2014), 'The VOC as a Company-State: Debating Seventeenth-Century Dutch Colonial Expansion,'. Itinerario 38(1): 13–34. doi:10.1017/S0165115314000035

[4] Sayle, Murray（英語：Murray Sayle）. Japan goes Dutch. London Review of Books, Vol. 23 No. 7. 2001-04-05 [2017-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-17）.

[5] Ames, Glenn J. The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. 2008: 102–103.

[6] Brook, Timothy: Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World（英語：Vermeer's Hat）. (Bloomsbury Press, 2008, pp. 288, ISBN 978-1596915992)

[7] Hanft, Adam（英語：Adam Hanft）. Google Is the New "CorporNation" - Half Company, Half Virtual Government. HuffingtonPost.com. 2010-05-23 [2018-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-12）. Adam Hanft: "A CorporNation's vast global influence enables it to function simultaneously in two realms: a for-profit company, and as a force that can shape the geopolitical landscape."

[8] Phelan, Ben. Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational. PBS.org. 2013-01-07 [2017-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-22）.

[9] Taylor, Bryan. The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History. BusinessInsider.com. 2013-11-06 [2017-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-08）.

[10] Grenville, Stephen. The first global supply chain. Lowy Institute. 2017-11-03 [2018-08-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）.

[11] Desjardins, Jeff. How today's tech giants compare to the massive companies of empires past. BusinessInsider.com. 2017-12-12 [2018-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-15）.

[12] Library Data (A-M) - Traveller. Traveller RPG Wiki. [2017-06-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-22）（英語）.

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