1939年白皮书

1939年白皮书，又称为麦克唐纳白皮书，是1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起义爆发后内维尔·张伯伦领导的英国政府发布的白皮书。 ^[1] 1939年5月23日经英国下议院正式批准。^[2]它是1939年至1948年期间巴勒斯坦托管地的政策性文件。 ^[3]

该白皮书于1939年3月首次起草。 ^[4]白皮书宣告十年内要建立一个独立的巴勒斯坦国，而且在巴勒斯坦国内要建立起犹太人家园，由阿拉伯人和犹太人共同统治。它还规定五年内犹太人移民数量不应超过75,000人，并规定未来将由阿拉伯人决定是否允许让更多的犹太人前往巴勒斯坦地区定居（第二部分）。在巴勒斯坦托管地内，除了占5%的区域外，犹太人被限制购买阿拉伯人的土地（第三部分）。

白皮书被阿明·侯赛尼为首的阿拉伯党派拒绝。但巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯国民防卫党（英语：National Defense Party (Mandatory Palestine)）接受白皮书^[5]。

位于巴勒斯坦的犹太复国主义团体立即拒绝接受这份白皮书，并发起一场持续数月的反英袭击活动。 5月18日，犹太人发起大罢工。^[6]

1939年6月，阿明·侯赛尼拒绝了白皮书，一开始就让阿拉伯高级委员会的其他成员感到“惊讶”。本尼·莫里斯表示，这一有利的提议被拒绝的原因完全是自私的：“因为这并没有让他成为未来巴勒斯坦国的掌舵人。”

1940年7月，在与英国代表S.F.纽康姆进行了两周的会议后，巴勒斯坦阿拉伯代表团的领袖贾迈勒·侯赛尼，以及代表团成员穆萨·阿拉米同意了《白皮书》的条款，并在伊拉克首相努里·赛义德的见证下共同签署了一份副本。

作为对白皮书的回应，右翼犹太复国主义恐怖组织伊尔贡，开始制定叛乱计划，驱逐英国人并建立一个独立的犹太国家。

白皮书中对土地转让的规定以及限制移民的条款得以实施，但到了1944年，只有51000名犹太人合法移民至巴勒斯坦地区，这比原计划中的75,000上限要少。因此英国提出1944年后犹太人可以继续移民至巴勒斯坦地区，但每月不应超过1,500人，直到达到75,000上限为止^[7]^[8]。1945年12月到1948年期间，英国允许每月可以有1,500名犹太人前往巴勒斯坦地区定居。^[9]

参考文献

^ Hershel Edelheit, History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Routledge ISBN 9780813329819 2000 p.366.
^ Hansard, HC Deb 22 May 1939 vol 347 cc1937-2056 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） and HC Deb 23 May 1939 vol 347 cc2129-97 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; "Resolved, That this House approves the policy of His Majesty's Government relating to Palestine as set out in Command Paper No. 6019."
^ Hansard, HC Deb 18 February 1947 vol 433 cc985-94 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: "We have, therefore, reached the conclusion that the only course now open to us is to submit the problem to the judgment of the United Nations ...
Barnett Janner, Baron Janner（英语：Barnett Janner, Baron Janner） Pending the remitting of this question to the United Nations, are we to understand that the Mandate stands. and that we shall deal with the situation of immigration and land restrictions on the basis of the terms of the Mandate, and that the White Paper of 1939 will be abolished?...
欧内斯特·贝文 No, Sir. We have not found a substitute yet for that White Paper, and up to the moment, whether it is right or wrong, the House is committed to it. That is the legal position. We did, by arrangement and agreement, extend the period of immigration which would have terminated in December, 1945. Whether there will be any further change, my right hon. Friend the Colonial Secretary, who, of course, is responsible for the administration of the policy, will be considering later."
^ Caplan 2015，第114页: "As it had been made clear from the start, the absence of agreement at the St James's Conference meant that the British were left, after March 17th 1939, to finalise and to enforce their new Palestine policy unilaterally. A White Paper, first drafted in late March, was not published until early May, thus affording Arabs and Jews further opportunities to continue their efforts at influencing the final terms of the proposed British policy."
^ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1947. Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly. United Nations. [17 July 2017]. （原始内容存档于14 September 2016）.
^ A Survey of Palestine - prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Reprinted 1991 by The Institute of Palestine Studies, Washington. Volumes One: ISBN 978-0-88728-211-9. p.54.
^ Kochavi, Arieh J. The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine. Middle Eastern Studies. 1998, 34 (3): 146–167. JSTOR 4283956. doi:10.1080/00263209808701236.
^ Study (30 June 1978): The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917-1947 - Study (30 June 1978) 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期29 November 2018., accessdate: November 10, 2018
^ Khalaf 1991，第66页: "The White Paper was never to be implemented, initially because of Cabinet opposition and then because of preoccupation with the war effort. However, 1939 and the first two years of the war saw a quiet, low key dialogue between the government and Palestinians who were ready to accept the White Paper. But the government's intention was to keep the Arabs placated, encourage the moderates, and continue to talk but promise very little, particularly on the constitutional provisions contained in the White Paper."

[1] Hershel Edelheit, History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Routledge ISBN 9780813329819 2000 p.366.

[2] Hansard, HC Deb 22 May 1939 vol 347 cc1937-2056 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） and HC Deb 23 May 1939 vol 347 cc2129-97 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; "Resolved, That this House approves the policy of His Majesty's Government relating to Palestine as set out in Command Paper No. 6019."

[3] Hansard, HC Deb 18 February 1947 vol 433 cc985-94 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: "We have, therefore, reached the conclusion that the only course now open to us is to submit the problem to the judgment of the United Nations ...
Barnett Janner, Baron Janner（英语：Barnett Janner, Baron Janner） Pending the remitting of this question to the United Nations, are we to understand that the Mandate stands. and that we shall deal with the situation of immigration and land restrictions on the basis of the terms of the Mandate, and that the White Paper of 1939 will be abolished?...
欧内斯特·贝文 No, Sir. We have not found a substitute yet for that White Paper, and up to the moment, whether it is right or wrong, the House is committed to it. That is the legal position. We did, by arrangement and agreement, extend the period of immigration which would have terminated in December, 1945. Whether there will be any further change, my right hon. Friend the Colonial Secretary, who, of course, is responsible for the administration of the policy, will be considering later."

[FOOTNOTECaplan2015114-4] Caplan 2015，第114页: "As it had been made clear from the start, the absence of agreement at the St James's Conference meant that the British were left, after March 17th 1939, to finalise and to enforce their new Palestine policy unilaterally. A White Paper, first drafted in late March, was not published until early May, thus affording Arabs and Jews further opportunities to continue their efforts at influencing the final terms of the proposed British policy."

[5] United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1947. Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly. United Nations. [17 July 2017]. （原始内容存档于14 September 2016）.

[Inquiry._p.54-6] A Survey of Palestine - prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Reprinted 1991 by The Institute of Palestine Studies, Washington. Volumes One: ISBN 978-0-88728-211-9. p.54.

[Kochavi-7] Kochavi, Arieh J. The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine. Middle Eastern Studies. 1998, 34 (3): 146–167. JSTOR 4283956. doi:10.1080/00263209808701236.

[un.org-8] Study (30 June 1978): The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917-1947 - Study (30 June 1978) 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期29 November 2018., accessdate: November 10, 2018

[FOOTNOTEKhalaf199166-9] Khalaf 1991，第66页: "The White Paper was never to be implemented, initially because of Cabinet opposition and then because of preoccupation with the war effort. However, 1939 and the first two years of the war saw a quiet, low key dialogue between the government and Palestinians who were ready to accept the White Paper. But the government's intention was to keep the Arabs placated, encourage the moderates, and continue to talk but promise very little, particularly on the constitutional provisions contained in the White Paper."

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