监狱工业复合体
| 犯罪学与刑罚学 |
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监狱工业复合体（英语：Prison-Industrial Complex，PIC），也称监工复合体，是工业复合体的一种，该词源自1950年代的军工复合体一词，用来描述美国监狱私有化后囚犯人数迅速增加、逐步成为全世界监禁率最高国家的现象，其中私人监狱向政府和企业提供商品和服务以牟取暴利。[1] [2]
常见的监工复合体是签订廉价合同的监狱劳动公司，建筑公司，大规模监视技术供应商，经营监狱食品服务和医疗设施的公司。惩教人员工会，私人训诫公司，律师游说团体代表他们的利益。[3][4]
美国公民自由联盟认为，与国营监狱相比，私人监狱公司从贫困社区中牟利的程度相当多。纽约时报托马斯·埃德尔（Thomas B.Edsall）指出：监禁服务的商业化程度越高，对穷人的服务成本就越高。[5]
相关条目
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul. Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. Rowman & Littlefield. 2010: 78 [2022-04-13]. ISBN 978-1442201736. （原始内容存档于2022-04-13）.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
:21的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Harcourt, Bernard (2012). The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674066162 p. 236
- ^ Alex Friedmann (15 January 2012). The Societal Impact of the Prison Industrial Complex, or Incarceration for Fun and Profit—Mostly Profit （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Prison Legal News. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
- ^ Samilton, Tracy (September 29, 2014). "ACLU says "pay or stay" is modern-day version of debtors prisons". Michigan Radio.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Ascher, K. The Politics of Privatization: Contracting-Out Public Services. New York: St. Martins, 1987
- Curran, D. J. "Destructuring, Privatization, and the Promise of Juvenile Diversion: Compromising Community-Based Corrections." Crime & Delinquency (v. 34/4, 1988)
- Kassebaum, G. et al. Contracting for Correctional Services in the Community, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978
- Larivee, J. J. "Community Programs, A Risky Business: Community-Based Alternatives for Inmates in Need of Rehabilitation." Corrections Today (v. 55, 1993)
- Lindquist, C. A. "The Private Sector in Corrections: Contracting Probation Services from Community Organizations." Federal Probation (v. 44, 1980)
- Mays, G. & T. Gray. Privatization and the Provision of Correctional Services: Context and Consequences. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing, 1996.
- National Institute of Corrections. Privatizing Community Supervision (pp. 25–28). Longmont, CO: National Institute of Corrections, 1998
- Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention. Privatizing Juvenile Probation Services: Five Local Experiences. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1989
- Oldfield, M. "Talking Quality, Meaning McDonalds, the Market and the Probation Service." Probation Journal (v. 41/4, 1994)